^£*.  7v>*  <_£*> ? 


iJUf? 


. 


THE 


BOOK    OF    ROSES. 


BY 

FRANCIS     PARKMAN. 


BOSTON: 
J.    E.    TILTON    AND    COMPANY. 

1866. 


S1351 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tlic  year  1866, 
BY  FRANCIS   PARKMAN, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusett 


STEREOTYPED  BY  C.  J.  PETERS  &  SON, 


PRESS  OF  GEO.  C.  RAND  &  AVERY. 


4U 


EDWARD  SPRAGUE  RAND,  JR., 

A      HORTICULTURIST 

WHOSE    ENERGY    AND    SKILL 


1A    WILDERNESS  TO  BLOSSOM  AS  THE  ROSE, 

THIS    BOOK 
IS  CORDIALLY  INSCRIBED. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION     ............  9 

PART  I.  —  CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE. 

CHAP.  I.  —  OPEN-AIR   CULTURE. 

PLANTING   .............  16 

PRUNING     ...........  17 

CLIMBING  AND  PILLAR  ROSES         ........  21 

SUBSEQUENT  CULTURE      ..........  24 

AN  EXPERIMENT  IN  ROSE-GROWING       .......  24 

STANDARD  ROSES       ...........  26 

A  NOVELTY  IN  ROSE  CULTURE      ........  28 

ANOTHER  NOVELTY  ...........  3° 

ENEMIES  OF  THE  ROSE     ..........  32 

.      CHAP.  II.  -POT  CULTURE. 

&                 A  NEW  METHOD        ...........  4& 

05                 FORCING      .............  48 

i~~^                 CHEAP  FORCING         ...........  S* 

RAISING  SPECIMEN  ROSES        .........  52 

0) 

p*4       CHAP.  III.  —  PROPAGATION. 
GQ 

LAYERS        .............  59 

CUTTINGS    .............  62 

BUDDING      .............  67 

GRAFTING    .............  74 

SUCKERS      .............  76 

CHAP.  IV.  -MISCELLANEOUS  OPERATIONS. 

RAISING  NEW  VARIETIES         ....        .....  76 

IMPROVEMENT  OF  CLIMBING  ROSES         .......  87 

NATURAL  STANDARDS       .        .       .  ........  88 

EFFECTS  OF  FROST  ON  SOIL    .........  89 

GROUPING  OF  ROSES  ...........  9° 

5 


.^ 

1*4 


6  CONTENTS. 

PART  II.  — DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ROSE. 

PAGE 

CHAP.  V.  — GROUPS  AND  FAMILIES 95 

CHAP.  VI.  — SUMMER  ROSES. 

THE  PROVENCE  ROSE in 

THE  Moss  ROSE 113 

THE  DAMASK  ROSE 120 

THE  ALBA  ROSE 122 

THE  FRENCH  ROSE 123 

THE  HYBRID  CHINESE  ROSE 126 

THE  SCOTCH  ROSE _.  132 

THE  AUSTRIAN  BRIER 134 

THE  DOUBLE  YELLOW  ROSK 136 

THE  SWEET-BRIER 140 

THE  BOURSAULT  ROSE 141 

THE  AYRSHIRE  ROSE .  142 

THE  EVERGREEN  ROSE .145 

THE  MULTIFLORA  ROSE 149 

HYBRID  CLIMBING  ROSES 151 

THE  BANKSIA  ROSE 152 

THE  PRAIRIE  ROSE 155 

CHAP.  VII.— AUTUMNAL  ROSES. 

THE  CHINESE  ROSE 161 

THE  TEA-SCENTED  ROSE 166 

THE  MUSK  ROSE 170 

THE  NOISETTE  ROSE 171 

THE  DAMASK  PERPETUAL  ROSE 175 

THE  BOURBON  ROSE 179 

THE  HYBRID  PERPETUAL  ROSE 183 

THE  MACARTNEY  ROSE 195 

THE  CHEROKEE  ROSE 196 

THE  SMALL-LEAVED  ROSE 197 

THE  PERPETUAL  Moss  ROSE 198 

THE  PERPETUAL  SCOTCH  ROSE       ........  199 

SUPPLEMENT. 

ADDITIONAL  SELECTED  ROSES aoi 


IT  IS  needless  to  eulogize  the  Rose.  Poets  from  An- 
acreon  and  Sappho,  and  earlier  than  they,  down  to  our  own 
times,  have  sung  its  praises ;  and  yet  the  rose  of  Grecian 
and  of  Persian  song,  the  rose  of  troubadours  and  minstrels, 
had  no  beauties  so  resplendent  as  those  with  which  its 
offspring  of  the  present  day  embellish  our  gai'dens.  The 
"thirty  sorts  of  rose,"  of  which  John  Parkinson  speaks  in 
1629,  have  multiplied  to  thousands.  New  races  have  been 
introduced  from  China,  Persiar  Hindostan,  and  our  own 
country;  and  these,  amalgamated  with  the  older  families 
by  the  art  of  the  hybridist,  have  produced  still  other 
forms  of  surpassing  variety  and  beauty.  This  multipli- 
cation and  improvement  are  still  in  progress.  The  last  two 
or  three  years  have  been  prolific  beyond  precedent  in  new 
roses ;  and,  with  all  regard  for  old  favorites,  it  cannot  be 
denied,  that,  while  a  few  of  the  roses  of  our  forefathers 
still  hold  their  ground,  the  greater  part  are  cast  into  the 
shade  by  the  brilliant  products  of  this  generation. 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

In  the  production  of  new  roses,  France  takes  the  lead. 
A  host  of  cultivators  great  and  small  —  Lafiay,  Vibert, 
Verdier,  Margottin,  Trouillard,  Portemer,  and  numberless 
others  —  have  devoted  themselves  to  the  pleasant  art  of 
intermarrying  the  various  families  and  individual  varieties 
of  the  rose,  and  raising  from  them  seedlings  whose  num- 
bers every  year  may  be  counted  by  hundreds  of  thousands. 
Of  these,  a  very  few  only  are  held  worthy  of  preservation ; 
and  all  the  rest  are  consigned  to  the  rubbish  heap.  The 
English,  too,  have  of  late  done  much  in  raising  new 
varieties ;  though  their  climate  is  less  favorable  than  that 
of  France,  and  their  cultivators  less  active  and  zealous  in 
the  work.  Some  excellent  roses,  too,  have  been  produced 
in  America.  Our  climate  is  very  favorable  to  the  raising 
of  seedlings,  and  far  more  might  easily  be  accomplished 
here. 

In  France  and  England,  the  present  rage  for  roses  is 
intense.  It  is  stimulated  by  exhibitions,  where  nursery- 
men, gardeners,  landed  gentlemen,  and  reverend  clergy- 
men of  the  Established  Church,  meet  in  friendly  competi- 
tion for  the  prize.  While  the  French  excel  all  others  in 
the  production  of  new  varieties,  the  English  are  unsur- 
passed in  the  cultivation  of  varieties  already  known ;  and 
nothing  can  exceed  the  beauty  and  perfection  of  some  of 
the  specimens  exhibited  at  their  innumerable  rose-shows. 
If  the  severity  of  our  climate  has  its  disadvantages,  the 
clearness  of  our  air  and  the  warmth  of  our  summer  sun 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

more  than  counterbalance  them;  and  it  is  certain  that 
roses  can  be  raised  here  in  as  high  perfection,  to  say  the 
very  least,  as  in  any  part  of  Europe. 

The  object  of  this  book  is  to  convey  information.  The 
earlier  portion  will  describe  the  various  processes  of  cul- 
ture, training,  and  propagation,  both  in  the  open  ground  and 
in  pots;  and  this  will  be  followed  by  an  account  of  the 
various  families  and  groups  of  the  rose,  with  descriptions 
of  the  best  varieties  belonging  to  each.  A  descriptive 
list  will  be  added  of  all  the  varieties,  both  of  old  roses  and 
those  most  recently  introduced,  which  are  held  in  esteem 
by  the  experienced  cultivators  of  the  present  day.  The 
chapter  relating  to  the  classification  of  roses,  their  family 
relations,  and  the  manner  in  which  new  races  have  arisen 
by  combinations  of  two  or  more  old  ones,  was  suggested 
by  the  difficulties  of  the  writer  himself  at  an  early  period 
of  his  rose  studies.  The  want  of  such  explanations,  in 
previous  treatises,  has  left  their  readers  in  a  state  of 
lamentable  perplexity  on  a  subject  which  might  easily 
have  been  made  sufficiently  clear. 

Books  on  the  rose,  written  for  the  climates  of  France 
or  England,  will,  in  general,  greatly  mislead  the  cultivators 
here.  Extracts  will,  however,  be  given  from  the  writings 
of  the  best  foreign  cultivators,  in  cases  where  experience 
has  shown  that  their  directions  are  applicable  to  the  cli- 
mate of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States.  The  writer 
having  been  for  many  years  a  cultivator  of  the  rose,  and 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

having  carefully  put  in  practice  the  methods  found  suc- 
cessful abroad,  is  enabled  to  judge  with  some  confidence 
of  the  extent  to  which  they  are  applicable  here,  and  to 
point  out  exceptions  and  modifications  demanded  by  the 
nature  of  our  climate. 

Among  English  writers  on  the  rose,  the  best  are  Paul, 
Rivers,  and  more  recently  Cranston,  together  with  the 
vivacious  Mr.  RadclyfFe,  a  clergyman,  a  horticulturist,  an 
excellent  amateur  of  the  rose,  and  a  very  amusing  con- 
tributor to  the  "Florist."  In  France,  Deslongchamps  and 
several  able  contributors  to  the  "Revue  Horticole"  are  the 
most  prominent.  From  these  sources  the  writer  of  this 
book  drew  the  instructions  and  hints  which  at  first 
formed  the  basis  of  his  practice  ;  but  he  soon  found  that 
he  must  greatly  modify  it  in  accordance  with  American 
necessities.  There  was  much  to  be  added,  much  to  be 
discarded,  and  much  to  be  changed  ;  and  the  results  to 
which  he  arrived  are  given,  as  compactly  as  possible,  in 
the  following  pages. 

JAN.  1,  1866. 


THE  ROSE  requires  high  culture.  This  belle  of 
the  parterre,  this  "  queen  of  flowers,"  is  a  lover  of  rich  fare, 
and  refuses  to  put  forth  all  her  beauties  on  a  meagre  diet. 
Roses,  indeed,  will  grow  and  bloom  in  any  soil ;  but  defi- 
cient nourishment  will  reduce  the  size  of  the  flowers,  and 
impair  the  perfection  of  their  form.  Of  all  soils,  one  of  a 
sandy  or  gravelly  nature  is  the  worst ;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  wet  and  dense  clay  is  scarcely  better.  A  rich, 
strong,  and  somewhat  heavy  garden  loam,  abundantly 
manured,  is  the  soil  best  adapted  to  all  the  strong-growing 
roses;  while  those  of  more  delicate  growth  prefer'one  pro- 
portionably  lighter. 

Yet  roses  may  be  grown  to  perfection  in  any  soil,  if  the 

13 


14  CULTURE    OF  THE  ROSE. 

needful  pains  are  taken.  We  will  suppose  an  extreme 
case:  The  grower  wishes  to  plant  a  bed  of  roses  on  a 
spot  where  the  soil  is  very  poor  and  sandy.  Let  him  mark 
out  his  bed,  dig  the  soil  to  the  depth  of  eighteen  inches, 
throw  out  the  worst  portion  of  it,  and  substitute  in  its 
place  a  quantity  of  strong,  heavy  loam :  rotted  sods,  if 
they  can  be  had,  will  be  an  excellent  addition ;  and  so, 
also,  will  decayed  leaves.  Then  add  a  liberal  dressing  of 
old  stable  manure :  that  taken  from  a  last  year's  hot-bed 
will  do  admirably.  It  is  scarcely  possible  to  enrich  too 
highly.  One-fourth  manure  to  three-fourths  soil  is  not  an 
excessive  proportion.  Now  incorporate  the  whole  thor- 
oughly with  a  spade,  level  the  top,  and  your  bed  is  ready. 
Again :  we  will  suppose  a  case,  equally  bad,  but  of  the 
opposite  character.  Here  the  soil  is  very  wet,  cold,  and 
heavy.  The  first  step  is  to  drain  it.  This  may  be  done 
thoroughly  with  tiles,  after  the  approved  methods ;  or,. if 
this  is  too  troublesome  or  expensive,  simpler  means  may 
be  used,  Avhich  will,  in  most  situations,  prove  as  effectual. 
Dig  a  hole  about  five  feet  deep  and  four  feet  wide  at  the 
lower  side  of  your  intended  bed  of  roses :  in  this  hole 
place  an  inverted  barrel,  with  the  head  knocked  out ;  or, 
what  is  better,  an  old  oil  cask.  In  the  latter  case,  a  hole 
should  be  bored  in  it,  near  the  top,  to  permit  the  air  to 


CULTURE   OF  THE    ROSE.  15 

escape.  Fill  the  space  around  the  cask  or  barrel  with 
stones,  and  then  cover  the  whole  with  earth.  If  your  bed 
is  of  considerable  extent,  a  drain,  laid  in  stone  or  tile, 
should  be  made  under  or  beside  the  bed,  at  the  depth  of 
three  feet,  and  so  constructed  as  to  lead  to  the  sunken 
barrel.  Throw  out,  if  necessary,  a  portion  of  the  worst 
soil  of  the  bed,  substituting  light  loam,  rotted  leaves,  and 
coarse  gritty  sand.  Then  add  an  abundance  of  old  stable 
manure,  as  in  the  former  case. 

In  the  great  majority  of  gardens,  however,  such  pains 
are  superfluous.  Any  good  garden  soil,  deeply  dug,  and 
thoroughly  enriched,  will  grow  roses  in  perfection.  Neither 
manure  nor  the  spade  should  be  spared.  Three  conditions 
are  indispensable, — sun,  air,  and  exemption  from  the 
invasion  of  the  roots  of  young  growing  trees.  These 
last  are  insidious  plunderers  and  thieves,  which  invade 
the  soil,  and  rob  its  lawful  occupants  of  the  stores  of 
nutriment  provided  for  them. 

A  rose  planted  on  the  shady  side  of  a  grove  of  elm  or 
maple  trees  is  in  one  of  the  worst  possible  of  situations. 
If,  however,  the  situation  is  in  other  respects  good,  the 
evil  of  the  invading  roots  may  be  cured  for  a  time  by 
digging  a  trench,  three  feet  deep,  between  the  trees  and 
the  bed  of  roses ;  thus  cutting  off  the  intruders.  The 


16  CULTURE   OP  THE  ROSE. 

trench  may  then  be  filled  up  immediately;  but,  if  the 
trees  are  vigorous,  it  must  be  dug  over  again  the  follow- 
ing year.  It  is  much  better  to  choose,  at  the  outset,  an 
airy,  sunny  situation,  at  a  reasonable  distance  from  grow- 
ing trees ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  a  spot  exposed  to  violent 
winds  should  be  avoided,  as  they  are  very  injurious  and 
exhausting. 


Roses  may  be  planted  either  in  spring  or  in  autumn. 
In  the  Northern  States,  the  severity  of  the  winter  de- 
mands some  protection,  when  planted  in  autumn,  for  all 
except  the  old,  hardy  varieties.  Plant  as  early  as  possi- 
ble, that  the  roots  may  take  some  hold  on  the  soil  before 
winter  closes.  October,  for  this  reason,  is  better  than 
November.  The  best  protection  is  earth  heaped  around 
the  stem  to  the  height  of  from  six  inches  to  a  foot.  Pine, 
cedar,  or  spruce  boughs  are  also  excellent.  "When  earth 
alone  is  used,  the  top  of  the  rose  is  often  frost-killed ; 
but  this  is  usually  of  no  consequence,  the  growth  and 
bloom  being  only  more  vigorous  for  this  natural  pruning. 
Dry  leaves  heaped  among  or  around  the  roses,  and  kept 
down  by  sticks  or  pieces  of  board,  or  by  earth  thrown  on 


CULTURE   OP   THE   ROSE.  17 

them,  are  also  good  protectors.  In  spring,  plant  as  early 
as  the  soil  is  in  working  order ;  that  is  to  say,  as  soon  as 
it  is  dry  enough  not  to  adhere  in  lumps  to  the  spade. 

In  planting,  prune  back  the  straggling  roots  with  a 
sharp  knife,  but  save  as  many  of  the  small  fibres  as  pos- 
sible. If  you  plant  in  spring,  prune  back  the  stem  at 
least  half  way  to  the  ground ;  but,  if  you  plant  in  autumn, 
by  all  means  defer  this  operation  till  the  winter  is  over. 
The  ground  around  autumn-planted  roses  should  be 
trodden  down  in  the  spring,  since  the  plant  will  have 
been  somewhat  loosened  in  its  place  by  the  effect  of 
frost ;  but  this  treading  must  not  take  place  until  the  soil 
has  become  free  from  excessive  moisture.  Budded  roses 
require  a  peculiar  treatment  in  planting,  which  we  shall 
describe  when  we  come  to  speak  of  them. 


Next  to  soil  and  situation,  pruning  is  the  most  impor- 
tant point  of  attention  to  the  rose-grower.  Long  treatises 
have  been  written  on  it,  describing  in  detail  different 
modes  applicable  to  different  classes  of  roses,  and  confus- 
ing the  amateur  by  a  multitude  of  perplexing  particulars. 

One  principle  will  cover  most  of  the  ground :    Weakly- 
2 


18  CULTURE   OF  THE   ROSE. 

growing  roses  should  be  severely  pruned :  those  of  vigor- 
ous growth  should  be  pruned  but  little.  Or,  to  speak  more 
precisely,  roses  should  be  pruned  in  inverse  proportion 
to  the  vigor  of  their  growth. 

Much,  however,  depends  on  the  object  at  which  the 
grower  aims.  If  he  wishes  for  a  profusion  of  bloom, 
without  regard  to  the  size  and  perfection  of  individual 
flowers,  then  comparatively  little  pruning  is  required.  If, 
on  the  other  hand,  he  wishes  for  blooms  of  the  greatest 
size  and  perfection,  without  regard  to  number,  he  will 
prune  more  closely. 

The  pruning  of  any  tree  or  shrub  at  a  time  when  vege- 
tation is  dormant  acts  as  a  stimulus  to  its  vital  powers. 
Hence,  when  it  is  naturally  vigorous,  it  is  urged  by  close 
pruning  to  such  a  degree  of  growth,  that  it  has  no  leisure 
to  bear  flowers,  developing  instead  a  profusion  of  leaves 
and  branches.  The  few  flowers  which  it  may  produce 
under  such  circumstances,  will,  however,  be  unusually 
large. 

The  most  vigorous  growers  among  roses  are  the 
climbers,  such  as  the  "  Boursaults "  and  the  "  Prairies." 
These  require  very  little  pruning :  first,  because  of  their 
vigor;  and,  secondly,  because  quantity  rather  than  quality 
of  bloom  is  asked  of  them.  The  old  and  dry  wood 


CULTURE   OF   THE   ROSE.  19 

should  be  cut  wholly  away,  leaving  the  strong  young 
growth  to  take  its  place,  with  no  other  pruning  than  a 
clipping-off  of  the  ends  of  side-shoots,  and  a  thinning- 
out  of  crowded  or  misshapen  branches.  In  all  roses,  it 
is  the  young,  well-ripened  wood  that  bears  the  finest 
flowers.  Old  enfeebled  wood,  or  unripe,  soft,  and  defec- 
tive young  wood,  should  always  be  removed. 

Next  in  vigor  to  the  climbers  are  some  of  the  groups 
of  hardy  June  roses ;  such,  for  example,  as  those  called 
the  Hybrid  China  roses.  These  are  frequently  grown 
on  posts  or  pillars ;  in  which  case  they  require  a  special 
treatment,  to  be  indicated  hereafter.  We  are  now  sup- 
posing them  to  be  grown  as  bushes  in  the  garden  or  on 
the  lawn.  Cut  out  the  old  wood,  and  the  weak,  unripe, 
and  sickly  shoots,  as  well  as  those  which  interfere  with 
others;  then  shorten  the  remaining  stems  one-third,  and 
cut  back  the  side-shoots  to  three  or  four  buds.  This  is 
on  the  supposition  that  a  full  mass  of  bloom  is  required, 
without  much  regard  to  the  development  of  individual 
flowers.  If  quality  rather  than  quantity  of  bloom  is  the 
desideratum,  the  pruning  both  of  the  main  stems  and  of 
the  side-shoots  must  be  considerably  shorter. 

Roses  of  more  moderate  growth,  including  the  greater 
part  of  the  June,  Moss,  Hybrid  Perpetual,  and  Bourbon 


20  CULTURE   OP   THE  EOSE. 

roses,  require  a  proportionally  closer  pruning.  The 
stems  may  be  cut  down  to  half  their  length,  and  the 
side-shoots  shortened  to  two  buds.  All  the  weak-growing 
roses,  of  whatever  class,  may  be  pruned  with  advantage 
even  more  closely  than  this.  Some  of  the  weak-growing 
Hybrid  Perpetuals  grow  and  bloom  best  when  shortened 
to  within  four  or  five  buds  of  the  earth.  The  strong- 
growing  kinds,  on  the  contrary,  if  pruned  thus  severely, 
would  grow  with  great  vigor,  but  give  very  few  flowers. 

The  objects  of  pruning  are  threefold:  first,  to  invig- 
orate the  plant ;  secondly,  to  improve  its  flowers ;  and, 
thirdly,  to  give  it  shape  and  proportion.  This  last  object 
should  always  be  kept  in  view  by  the  operator.  No  two 
stems  should  be  allowed  to  crowd  each-  other.  A  mass 
of  matted  foliage  is  both  injurious  and  unsightly.  Sun 
and  air  should  have  access  to  every  part  of  the  plant. 
Six  or  seven  stems  are  the  utmost  that  should  be  allowed 
to  remain,  even  on  old  established  bushes  ;  and  these,  as 
before  mentioned,  should  be  strong  and  well  ripened,  and 
should  also  be  disposed  in  such  a  manner,  that,  when  the 
buds  have  grown  into  shoots  and  leaves,  the  bush  will 
have  a  symmetrical  form.  In  young  bushes,  three,  or 
even  two,  good  stems  are  sufficient. 
*  Pruning  in  summer,  when  the  plant  is  in  active 


CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE.  21 

growth,  has  an  effect  contrary  to  that  of  pruning  when  it 
is  in  a  dormant  state.  Far  from  increasing  its  vigor,  it 
weakens  it,  by  depriving  it  of  a  portion  of  its  leaves, 
which  are  at  once  its  stomach  and  its  lungs.  Only  two 
kinds  of  summer  pruning  can  be  recommended.  The  first 
consists  in  the  removal  of  small  branches  which  crowd 
their  neighbors,  and  interfere  with  them :  the  second  is 
confined  to  the  various  classes  of  Perpetual  roses,  and  con- 
sists merely  in  cutting  off  the  faded  flowers,  together  with 
the  shoots  on  which  they  grow,  to  within  three  or  four 
buds  of  the  main  stem.  This  greatly  favors  their  ten- 
dency to  bloom  again  later  in  the  summer. 

When  old  wood  is  cut  away,  it  should  be  done  cleanly, 
without  leaving  a  protruding  stump.  A  small  saw  will 
sometimes  be  required  for  this  purpose ;  though  in  most 
cases  a  knife,  or,  what  is  more  convenient,  a  pair  of  sharp 
pruning-shears,  will  be  all  that  the  operator  requires. 


SLIMBWG  ^ 


When  roses  are  trained  to  cover  walls,  trellises,  arches, 
or  pillars,  the  main  stems  are  encouraged  to  a  strong 
growth.  These  form  the  permanent  wood  ;  while  the  side- 
shoots,  more  or  less  pruned  back,  furnish  the  flowers.  For 


22  CULTURE   OF  THE   ROSE. 

arbors,  walls,  or  very  tall  pillars,  the  strongest  growers  are 
most  suitable,  such  as  the  Prairie,  Boursault,  and  Ayrshire 
roses.  Enrich  the  soil  strongly,  and  dig  deep  and  widely. 
Choose  a  healthy  young  rose,  and,  in  planting,  cut  off  all 
the  stems  close  to  the  earth.  During  the  season,  it  will 
make  a  number  of  strong  young  shoots.  In  the  following 
spring  cut  out  half  of  them,  leaving  the  strongest,  which 
are  to  be  secured  against  the  wall,  or  over  the  arbor,  diver- 
ging like  a  fan  or  otherwise,  as  fancy  may  suggest.  The 
subsequent  pruning  is  designed  chiefly  to  regulate  the 
growth  of  the  rose,  encouraging  the  progress  of  the  long 
leading  shoots  until  they  have  reached  the  required  height, 
and  removing  side-shoots  where  they  are  too  thick.  Where 
a  vacant  space  occurs,  a  strong  neighboring  shoot  may  be 
pruned  back  in  spring  to  a  single  eye.  This  will  stimulate 
it  to  a  vigorous  growth,  producing  a  stem  which  will  serve 
to  fill  the  gap.  Of  the  young  shoots,  which,  more  or  less, 
will  rise  every  season  from  the  root,  the  greater  part  should 
be  cut  away,  reserving  two  or  three  to  take  the  place  of 
the  old  original  stems  when  these  become  weak  by  age. 
When  these  climbing  roses  are  used  for  pillars,  they  may 
either  be  trained  vertically,  or  wound  in  a  spiral  form 
around  the  supporting  column. 

Roses  of  more  moderate  growth  are  often  trained  to 


CULTURE   OF   THE  ROSE.  23 

poles  or  small  pillars  from  six  to  twelve  feet  high.  Some 
of  the  Hybrid  China  roses  are,  as  before  mentioned,  well 
adapted  to  this  use ;  and  even  some  of  the  most  vigorous 
Moss  roses,  such  as  Princess  Adelaide,  may  be  so  trained. 
Where  a  pole  is  used,  two  stems  are  sufficient.  These 
should  be  examined,  and  cut  back  to  the  first  strong  and 
plump  bud,  removing  the  weaker  buds  always  found 
towards  the  extremity  of  a  stem.  Then  let  the  stems  so 
pruned  lie  flat  on  the  earth  till  the  buds  break  into  leaf, 
after  which  they  are  to  be  tied  to  the  pole.  If  they  were 
tied  up  immediately,  the  sap,  obeying  its  natural  tendency, 
would  flow  upward,  expanding  the  highest  bud,  and  leav- 
rhg  many  of  those  below  dormant,  so  that  a  portion  of  the 
stem  would  be  bare.  (The  same  course  of  proceeding  may 
be  followed  with  equal  advantage  in  the  case  of  wall  and 
trellis  roses.)  The  highest  bud  now  throws  up  a  strong 
leading  shoot,  while  the  stem  below  becomes  furnished 
with  an  abundance  of  small  side-shoots.  In  the  following 
spring,  the  leading  shoot  is  to  be  pruned  back  to  the  first 
strong  bud,  and  the  treatment  of  the  previous  year  re- 
peated. By  pursuing  this  process,  the  pillar  may,  in  the 
coarse  of  two  or  three  years,  be  enveloped  from  the  ground 
to  the  summit  with  a  mass  of  leaves  and  blossoms. 

These  and  all  other  rose-pruning  operations  are,  in  the 


24  CULTURE   OF   THE  ROSE. 

Northern  States,  best  effected  in  March,  or  the  end  of 
February;  since  roses  pruned  in  autumn  are  apt  to  be 
severely  injured  and  sometimes  killed  by  the  severity  of 
our  winters. 


Nothing  is  more  beneficial  to  roses  than  a  frequent  dig- 
ging and  stirring  of  the- soil  around  them.  The  surface 
should  never  be  allowed  to  become  hard,  but  should  be 
kept  light  and  porous  by  hoeing  or  forking  several  times 
in  the  course  of  the  season.  A  yearly  application  of 
manure  will  be  of  great  advantage.  It  may  be  applied  in 
the  autumn  or  in  the  spring,  and  forked  in  around  the 
plants.  Cultivators  who  wish  to  obtain  the  finest  possible 
blooms  sometimes  apply  liquid  manure  early  in  the  sum- 
mer, immediately  after  the  flower-buds  are  formed.  This 
penetrates  at  once  to  the  roots,  and  takes  immediate  effect 
on  the  growing  bud. 


The  amateur  may  perhaps  draw  some  useful  hints  from 
an  experiment  made  by  the  writer  in  cultivating  roses, 
with  a  view  to  obtaining  the  best  possible  individual  flow- 


CULTURE  OP  THE   ROSE.  25 

ers.  A  piece  of  land  about  sixty  feet  long  by  forty  wide 
was  "  trenched  "  throughout  to  the  depth  of  two  feet  and 
a  half,  and  enriched  with  three  layers  of  manure.  The  first 
was  placed  at  eighteen  inches  from  the  surface ;  the  second, 
at  about  nine  inches ;  and  the  third  was  spread  on  the  sur- 
face itself,  and  afterwards  dug  in.  The  virgin  soil  was 
a  dense  yellow  loam  of  considerable  depth ;  and,  by  the 
operation  of  "  trenching,"  it  was  thoroughly  mixed  and 
incorporated  with  the  black  surface  soil.  Being  too  stiff 
and  heavy,  a  large  quantity  of  sandy  road-scrapings  was 
laid  on  with  the  surface-dressing  of  manure.  "When  the 
ground  was  prepared,  the  roses  were  planted  in  rows. 
They  consisted  of  Hardy  June,  Moss,  Hybrid  Perpetual, 
Bourbon,  and  a  few  of  the  more  hardy  Noisette  roses. 
They  were  planted  early  in  spring,  and  cut  back  at  the 
same  time  close  to  the  ground.  Many  of  the  Perpetuals 
and  Bourbons  flowered  the  first  season,  and  all  grew  with 
a  remarkable  vigor.  In  November,  just  before  the  ground 
froze,  a  spadesman,  working  backward  midway  between 
the  rows,  dug  a  trench  of  the  depth  and  width  of  his 
spade,  throwing  the  earth  in  a  ridge  upon  the  roots  of  the 
roses  as  he  proceeded.  This  answered  a  double  purpose. 
The  ridge  of  earth  protected  the  roots  and  several  inches 
)f  the  stems,  while  the  trench  acted  as  a  drain.  In  the 


26  CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE. 

spring,  the  earth  of  the  ridge  was  drawn  back  into  the 
trench  with  a  hoe,  and  the  roses  pruned  with  great  severity ; 
some  of  the  weak-growing  Perpetuals  and  Mosses  being 
cut  to  within  two  inches  of  the  earth,  and  all  the  weak 
and  sickly  stems  removed  altogether.  The  whole  ground 
was  then  forked  over.  The  bloom  was  abundant,  and  the 
flowers  of  uncommon  size  and  symmetry.  Had  the  prun- 
ing been  less  severe,  the  mass  of  bloom  would  have  been 
greater,  but  the  individual  flowers  by  no  means  of  so  good 
quality. 


Of  budded  roses  we  shall  speak  hereafter,  in  treating  of 
propagation.  There  is  one  kind,  however,  which  it  will 
be  well  to  notice  here.  In  England  and  on  the  Continent, 
it  is  a  common  practice  to  bud  roses  on  tall  stems  or 
standards  of  the  Dog  Rose,  or  other  strong  stock,  some- 
times at  a  height  of  five  feet  or  more  from  the  ground. 
The  head  of  bloom  thus  produced  has  a  very  striking 
effect,  especially  when  the  budded  rose  is  of  a  variety 
with  long  slender  shoots,  adapted  to  form  what  is  called  a 
"  weeper." 

In  France,  standard  roses  are  frequently  planted  near 
together  in  circular  or  oval  beds,  the  tallest  stems  being  in 


CULTURE   OP   THE    ROSE.  27 

the  centre,  and  the  rest  diminishing  in  regular  gradation 
to  the  edge  of  the  bed,  which  is  surrounded  with  dwarf 
roses.  Thus  a  mound  or  hill  of  bloom  is  produced  with  a 
very  striking  and  beautiful  effect. 

Unfortunately,  the  severe  cold  and  sudden  changes  of 
the  Northern  States,  and  especially  of  New  England,  are 
very  unfavorable  to  standard  roses.  The  hot  sun  scorches 
and  dries  the  tall,  bare  stem ;  and  the  sharp  cold  of  winter 
frequently  kills,  and  in  almost  every  case  greatly  injures, 
the  budded  rose  at  the  top.  It  is  only  by  using  great  and 
very  troublesome  precaution  that  standards  can  here  be 
kept  in  a  thriving  condition.  This  may  be  done  most 
effectually  by  cutting  or  loosening  the  roots  on  one  side, 
laying  the  rose  flat  on  the  ground,  and  covering  it  during 
winter  under  a  ridge  of  earth.  Some  protection  of  the 
stem  from  the  hot  sun  of  July  and  August  can  hardly  be 
dispensed  with. 

With  regard  to  the  mounds  of  standard  roses  first  men- 
tioned, it  is  scarcely  worth  while  to  attempt  them  here ; 
but  a  very  good  substitute  is  within  our  reach.  By  choos- 
ing roses  with  a  view  to  their  different  degrees  of  vigor, — 
planting  the  tall  and  robust  kinds  in  the  middle,  and  those 
of  more  moderate  growth  in  regular  gradation  around 
them,  —  we  may  imitate  the  French  mounds  without  the 


28  CULTDEE   OP   THE   ROSE. 

necessity  of  employing  standards.  Of  course  it  will 
require  time,  and  also  judicious  pruning,  to  perfect  such  a 
bed  of  roses  ;  but,  when  this  is  done,  it  will  be  both  a  beau- 
tiful and  permanent  ornament  of  the  lawn  or  garden. 


A  new  mode  of  growing  roses,  so  as  to  form  a  tall  pyra- 
mid instead  of  a  standard,  has  been  recently  introduced 
in  England.  Instead  of  inserting  buds  at  the  top  of  the 
stem  only,  they  are  inserted  at  intervals  throughout  its 
whole  length,  thus  clothing  it  with  verdure  and  flowers. 
By  this  means  it  is  effectually  protected  from  the  sun,  and 
one  of  the  dangers  which  in  our  climate  attend  standard 
roses  is  averted.  The  following  directions  are  copied  from 
a  late  number  of  the  "  Gardener's  Chronicle  :  "  — 

"Some  strong  two-years-old  stocks  of  the  Manetti  Rose 
should  be  planted  in  November,  in  a  piece  of  ground  well 
exposed  to  sun  and  air.  The  soil  should  have  dressings 
of  manure,  and  be  stirred  to  nearly  two  feet  in  depth.  In 
the  months  of  July  and  August  of  the  following  year,  they 
will  be  in  a  fit  state  to  bud.  They  should  have  one  bud 
inserted  in  each  stock  close  to  the  ground.  The  sort  to  be 
chpsen  for  this  preliminary  budding  is  a  very  old  Hybrid 
China  Rose,  called  Madame  Pisaroni  ;  a  rose  with  a  most 


CULTURE   OF   THE   ROSE.  29 

vigorous  and  robust  habit,  which,  budded  on  strong  Manet- 
ti  stocks,  will  often  make  shoots  from  six  to  seven  feet  in 
length,  and  stout  and  robust  in  proportion.  In  the  month 
of  February  following,  the  stocks  in  which  are  live  buds 
should  be  all  cut  down  to  within  six  inches  of  the  bud. 
In  May,  the  buds  will  begin  to  shoot  vigorously :  if  there 
are  more  shoots  than  one  from  each  bud,  they  must  be 
removed,  leaving  only  one,  which  in  June  should  be  sup- 
ported with  a  slight  stake,  or  the  wind  may  displace  it. 

"By  the  end  of  August,  this  shoot  ought  to  be  from  five 
to  six  feet  in  height,  and  is  then  in  a  proper  state  for 
budding  to  form  a  pyramid.  Some  of  the  most  free-grow- 
ing and  beautiful  of  the  Hybrid  Perpetual  roses  should 
be  selected,  and  budded  on  these  stems  in  the  following 
manner :  Commence  about  nine  inches  from  the  ground, 
inserting  one  bud ;  then  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stock, 
and  at  the  same  distance  from  the  lower  bud,  insert 
another;  and  then  at  the  same  distance  another  and 
another;  so  that  buds  are  on  all  sides  of  the  tree  up  to 
about  five  feet  in  height,  which,  in  the  aggregate,  may 
amount  to  nine  buds.  "Sou  will  thus  have  formed  the 
foundation  of  a  pyramid.  I  need  scarcely  add  that  the 
shoots  from  the  stock  must  be  carefully  removed  during 
the  growing  season,  so  as  to  throw  all  its  strength  into  the 
buds.  It  will  also  be  advisable  to  pinch  in  the  three  top- 
most buds  rather  severely  the  first  season,  or  they  will,  to 
use  a  common  expression,  draw  up  the  sap  too  rapidly, 


30  CULTURE   OP  THE   ROSE. 

and  thus  weaken  the  lower  buds.  In  the  course  of  a  year 
or  two,  magnificent  pyramids  may  thus  be  formed,  their 
stems  completely  covered  with  foliage,  and  far  surpassing 
any  thing  yet  seen  in  rose  culture." 


Another  new  method  of  culture  is  put  forward  in  recent 
French  and  English  journals,  and  is  said  to  have  proved 
very  successful,  increasing  both  the  size  of  the  flowers  and 
the  period  of  bloom.  I  cannot  speak  of  it  from  trial ;  but, 
as  it  may  be  found  worth  an  experiment,  I  extract  from  the 
"  Florist  and  Pomologist "  the  account  there  given  of  the 
process  by  a  Mr.  Perry,  who  was  one  of  the  first  to  prac- 
tise it.  He  says,  — 

"As  I  have  now  spoken  of  the  advantages  attendant 
upon  this  mode  of  training,  I  will  proceed  to  explain  the 
method  of  carrying  it  out.  I  will  suppose  that  the  plants 
are  well  established,  and  are  either  on  their  own  roots,  or 
budded  low  on  the  Manctti  (the  former  I  prefer).  The 
operation  of  bending  and  pegging-down  should  be  per- 
formed in  the  month  of  March,  or  early  in  April.  All  the 
small  growth  should  be  cut  clean  away,  and  the  ends  of 
the  strong  shoots  cut  off  to  the  extent  only  of  a  few  inches. 
These  shoots  should  then  be  carefully  bent  to  the  ground, 


CULTURE   OF   THE   ROSE.  31 

and  fastened  down  by  means  of  strong  wooden  pegs,  suffi- 
ciently stout  to  last  the  season,  and  to  retain  the  branches 
in  their  proper  positions.  Care  must  be  taken  that  the 
branches  do  not  split  off  at  the  base  ;  but  the  operator  will 
soon  perceive  which  is  the  best  and  easiest  mode  of  bend- 
ing the  tree  to  his  wishes.  Many  shoots  will  spring  up 
from  the  base  of  the  plants,  too  strong  to  produce  summer 
blooms ;  but  most  of  them  will  gratify  the  cultivator  with 
such  noble  flowers  in  the  autumn  that  will  delight  the 
heart  of  any  lover  of  this  queen  of  flowers.  These  branch- 
es will  be  the  groundwork  for  the  next  year.  I  have 
recently  been  engaged  in  cutting  all  the  old  wood  away 
which  last  season  did  such  good  duty,  and  am  now  fur- 
nished with  an  ample  supply  of  shoots  from  four  to  eight 
feet  high,  which,  if  devoid  of  leaves,  would  strongly  remind 
me  of  fine  raspberry-canes,  and  which,  by  their  appearance, 
promise  what  they  will  do  for  the  forthcoming  season.  I 
would  suggest  that  these  long  shoots  should  now  be  merely 
bundled  together,  and  a  stake  put  to  each  plant,  so  as  to 
prevent  their  being  injured  by  the  wind.  In  this  state  let 
them  remain  until  the  latter  end  of  March,  and  then  pro- 
ceed as  I  have  before  mentioned.  I  feel  convinced,  that, 
when  this  method  of  pegging-down  and  dwarfing  strong- 
growing  roses  becomes  generally  known,  many  of  the 
justly  esteemed  and  valuable  robust  show  varieties  will 
occupy  the  position  in  our  flower-gardens  they  are  justly 
entitled  to." 


32  CULTURE   OF  THE   ROSE. 


A  good  soil,  a  good  situation,  free  air  and  full  sun, 
joined  with  good  manuring,  good  pruning,  and  good 
subsequent  culture,  will  prevent  more  diseases  than  the 
most  skilful  practitioner  would  ever  be  able  to  cure.  There 
are  certain  diseases,  however,  to  which  roses,  under  the 
best  circumstances,  are  more  or  less  liable.  Of  these,  the 
most  common,  and  perhaps  the  worst,  is  mildew.  It  con- 
sists in  the  formation  on  the  leaves  "and  stems  of  a  sort 
of  minute  fungus,  sometimes  presenting  the  appearance  of 
a  white  frost.  Though  often  thought  to  be  the  result  of 
dampness,  it  frequently  appears  in  the  dryest  weather. 
Many  of  the  Bourbon  roses,  and  those  of  the  Hybrid  Per- 
petuals  nearest  akin  to  the  Bourbons,  are  peculiarly  liable 
to  it.  In  the  greenhouse,  the  best  remedy  is  sulphur, 
melted  and  evaporated  at  a  heat  not  high  enough  to  cause 
it  to  burn.  In  the  open  air,  the  flour  of  sulphur  may  be 
sifted  over  the  diseased  plants.  English  florists  use  a 
remedy  against  mildew  and  other  kinds  of  fungus,  which 
is  highly  recommended,  but  of  which  I  cannot  speak  from 
trial.  It  consists  in  syringing  the  plants  affected  with  a 
solution  of  two  ounces  of  blue  vitriol  dissolved  in  a  large 
stable  bucket  of  water. 


CULTURE   OF   THE   ROSE.  33 

The  worst  enemies  of  the  rose  belong  to  the  insect 
world.  Of  these  there  are  four,  which,  in  this  part  of  the 
country,  cause  far  more  mischief  than  all  the  rest  combined. 
The  first  is  the  aphis,  or  green  fly ;  the  second  is  the  rose- 
slug,  or  larva  of  the  saw-fly;  the  third  is  the  leaf-hopper, 
sometimes  called  the  thrip;  and  the  fourth  is  the  small 
beetle,  popularly  called  the  rose-bug.  The  first  three  are 
vulnerable,  and  can  be  got  rid  of  by  using  the  right  means. 
The  slug  is  a  small,  green,  semi-transparent  grub,  which  ap- 
pears on  the  leaves  of  the  rose  about  the  middle  of  June, 
eats  away  their  vital  part,  and  leaves  nothing  but  a  brown 
skeleton,  till  at  length  the  whole  bush  looks  as  if  burned. 
The  aphis  clings  to  the  ends  of  young  shoots,  and  sucks 
out  their  sap.  It  is  prolific  beyond  belief,  and  a  single  one 
will  soon  increase  to  thousands.  Both  are  quickly  killed 
by  a  solution  of  whale-oil  soap,  or  a  strong  decoction  of 
tobacco,  which  should  be  applied  with  a  syringe  in  the 
morning  or  evening,  as  the  application  of  any  liquid  to  the 
leaves  of  a  plant  under  the  hot  sun  is  always  injurious. 
The  same  remedy  will  kill  the  leaf-hopper,  which,  being 
much  more  agile  than  the  others,  is  best  assailed  on  a  cold 
day,  when  its  activity  is  to  some  degree  chilled  out  of  it. 
Both  sides  of  the  leaves  should  be  syringed,  and  the  plant 
thoroughly  saturated  with  the  soap  or  tobacco-water. 


34  CULTURE  OF  THE  ROSE. 

Two  thorough  and  well-timed  applications  will  suffice  to 
destroy  the  year's  crop  of  slugs. 

The  rose-bug  is  endowed  with  a  constitution  which 
defies  tobacco  and  soap ;  and,  though  innumerable  remedies 
have  been  proposed,  we  know  no  better  plan  than  to  pick 
them  off  the  bushes  by  hand,  or,  watching  a  time  when 
they  are  chilled  with  cold,  to  shake  them  off  upon  a  cloth 
laid  on  the  ground  beneath.  In  either  case,  sure  work 
should  be  made  of  them  by  scalding  or  crushing  them 
to  death. 

The  following  account  of  the  rose-bug  and  the  slug  is 
from  Dr.  Harris's  work  on  "Insects  Injurious  to  Vegeta- 
tion : "  — 

"  The  saw-fly  of  the  rose,  which,  as  it  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  described  before,  may  be  called  Selandria  Rosce,  from  its 
favorite  plant,  so  nearly  resembles  the  slug-worm  saw-fly  as  not  to 
be  distinguished  therefrom  except  by  a  practised  observer.  It  is 
also  very  much  like  Selandria  barda,  Vitis,  and  pygmcECt,  but  has 
not  the  red  thorax  of  these  three  closely-allied  species.  It  is  of  a 
deep  and  shining  black  color.  The  first  two  pairs  of  legs  are 
brownish-gray,  or  dirty  white,  except  the  thighs,  which  are  almost 
entirely  black.  The  hind  legs  are  black,  with  whitish  knees. 
The  wings  are  smoky  and  transparent,  with  dark-brown  veins, 
and  a  brown  spot  near  the  middle  of  the  edge  of  the  first  pair. 
The  body  of  the  male  is  a  little  more  than  three-twentieths  of  an 


CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE.  35 

inch  long ;  that  of  the  female,  one-fifth  of  an  inch  or  more ;  and 
the  wings  expand  nearly  or  quite  two-fifths  of  an  inch.  These 
saw-flies  come  out  of  the  ground  at  various  times  between  the 
20th  of  May  and  the  middle  of  June,  during  which  period  they 
pair,  and  lay  their  eggs.  The  females  do  not  fly  much,  and  may 
be  seen,  during  most  of  the  day,  resting  on  the  leaves ;  and, 
when  touched,  they  draw  up  their  legs,  and  fall  to  the  ground. 
The  males  are  now  active,  fly  from  one  rose-bush  to  another,  and 
hover  around  their  sluggish  partners.  The  latter,  when  about  to 
lay  their  eggs,  turn  a  little  on  one  side,  unsheathe  their  saws,  and 
thrust  them  obliquely  into  the  skin  of  the  leaf,  depositing  in  each 
incision  thus  made  a  single  egg.  The  young  begin  to  hatch  in  ten 
days  or  a  fortnight  after  the  eggs  are  laid.  They  may  sometimes 
be  found  on  the  leaves  as  early  as  the  1st  of  June,  but  do  not 
usually  appear  in  considerable  numbers  till  the  20th  of  the  same 
month.  How  long  they  are  in  coining  to  maturity,  I  have  not 
particularly  observed ;  but  the  period  of  their  existence  in  the 
caterpillar  state  probably  does  not  exceed  three  weeks.  They 
somewhat  resemble  young  slug-worms  in  form,  but  are  not  quite 
so  convex.  They  have  a  small,  round,  yellowish  head,  with  a 
black  dot  on  each  side  of  it ;  and  are  provided  with  twenty-two 
short  legs.  The  body  is  green  above,  paler  at  the  sides,  and  yel- 
lowish beneath ;  and  it  is  soft  and  almost  transparent,  like  jelly. 
The  skin  of  the  back  is  transversely  wrinkled,  and  covered  with 
minute  elevated  points ;  and  there  are  two  small,  triple-pointed 
warts  on  the  edge  of  the  first  ring,  immediately  behind  the  head. 
"  The  gelatinous  and  sluggish  creatures  eat  the  upper  surface  of 
the  leaf  in  large,  irregular  patches,  leaving  the  veins  and  the  skin 
beneath  untouched ;  and  they  are  sometimes  so  thick,  that  not  a 
leaf  on  the  bushes  is  spared  by  them,  and  the  whole  foliage  looks 


36  CULTURE  OF  THE  ROSE. 

as  if  it  had  been  scorched  by  fire,  and  drops  off  soon  afterwards. 
They  cast  their  skins  several  times,  leaving  them  extended  and 
fastened  on  the  leaves:  after  the  last  moulting,  they  lose  their 
semi-transparent  and  greenish  color,  and  acquire  an  opaque  yel- 
lowish hue.  They  then  leave  the  rose-bushes;  some  of  them 
slowly  creeping  down  the  stem,  and  others  rolling  up  and  drop- 
ping off,  especially  when  the  bushes  are  shaken  by  the  wind. 
Having  reached  the  ground,  they  burrow  to  the  depth  of  an  inch 
or  more  in  the  earth,  where  each  one  makes  for  itself  a  small  oval 
cell  of  grains  of  earth,  cemented  with  a  little  gummy  silk.  Having 
finished  their  transformations,  and  turned  to  flies  within  their  cells, 
they  come  out  of  the  ground  early  in  August,  and  lay  their  eggs 
for  a  second  brood  of  young.  These,  in  turn,  perform  their  ap- 
pointed work  of  destruction  in  the  autumn  :  they  then  go  into 
the  ground,  make  their  earthen  cells,  remain  therein  throughout 
the  winter,  and  appear  in  the  winged  form  in  the  following  spring 
and  summer.  During  several  years  past,  these  pernicious  vermin 
have  infested  the  rose-bushes  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  and  have 
proved  so  injurious  to  them  as  to  have  elicited  the  attention  of 
the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society,  by  whom  a  premium  of 
one  hundred  dollars,  for  the  most  successful  mode  of  destroying 
these  insects,  was  offered  in  the  summer  of  1840.  In  the  year 
1832, 1  first  observed  them  in  the  gardens  in  Cambridge,  and  then 
made  myself  acquainted  with  their  transformations.  At  that  time 
they  had  not  reached  Milton,  my  former  place  of  residence ;  and 
they  did  not  appear  .in  that  place  till  six  or  seven  years  later. 
They  now  seem  to  be  gradually  extending  in  all  directions ;  arid 
an  effectual  method  for  preserving  our  roses  from  their  attacks  has 
become  very  desirable  to  all  persons  who  set  any  value  on  this 
beautiful  ornament  of  our  gardens  and  shrubberies.  Showering 


CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE.  37 

or  syringing  the  bushes,  with  a  liquor  made  by  mixing  with  water 
the  juice  expressed  from  tobacco  by  tobacconists,  has  been  recom- 
mended :  but  some  caution  is  necessary  in  making  this  mixture  of 
a  proper  strength ;  for,  if  too  strong,  it  is  injurious  to  plants ;  and 
the  experiment  does  not  seem,  as  yet,  to  have  been  conducted 
with  sufficient  care  to  insure  safety  and  success.  Dusting  lime 
over  the  plants,  when  wet  with  dsw,  has  been  tried,  and  found  of 
some  use ;  but  this  and  all  other  remedies  will  probably  yield  in 
efficacy  to  Mr.  Haggerston's  mixture  of  whale-oil  soap  and  water, 
in  the  proportion'of  two  pounds  of  the  soap  to  fifteen  gallons  of 
water. 

"  Particular  directions,  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Haggerston  himself, 
for  the  preparation  and  use  of  this  simple  and  cheap  application, 
may  be  found  in  the  'Boston  Courier'  for  the  25th  of  June,  1841, 
and  also  in  most  of  our  agricultural  and  horticultural  journals  of 
the  same  time.  The  utility  of  this  mixture  has  already  been 
repeatedly  mentioned  in  this  treatise,  and  it  may  be  applied  in 
other  cases  with  advantage.  Mr.  Haggerston  finds  that  it  effectu- 
ally destroys  many  kinds  of  insects ;  and  he  particularly  mentions 
plant-lice,  red  spiders,  canker-worms,  and  a  little  jumping  insect, 
which  has  lately  been  found  quite  as  hurtful  to  rose-bushes  as  the 
slugs  or  young  of  the  saw-fly.  The  little  insect  alluded  to  has 
been  mistaken  for  a  Thrips,  or  vine-fretter :  it  is,  however,  a  leaf- 
hopper,  or  species  of  Tettiyonia,  and  is  described  in  a  former 
part  of  this  treatise. 

"  The  rose-chafer,  or  rose-bug  as  it  is  more  commonly  and  incor- 
rectly called,  is  also  a  diurnal  insect.  It  is  the  Melolontlia  subspi- 
nosa  of  Fabricius,  by  whom  it  was  first  described,  and  belongs  to 
the  modern  genus  Macrodactylus  of  Latreille.  Common  as  this 
insect  is  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  it  is,  or  was  a  few  years  ago, 


S1854 


38  CULTURE   OP  THE   ROSE. 

unknown  in  the  northern  and  western  parts  of  Massachusetts,  in 
New  Hampshire,  and  in  Maine.  It  may,  therefore,  be  well  to  give 
a  brief  description  of  it.  This  beetle  measures  seven-twentieths 
of  an  inch  in  length.  Its  body  is  slender,  tapers  before  and 
behind,  and  is  entirely  covered  with  very  short  and  close  ashen- 
yellow  down ;  the  thorax  is  long  and  narrow,  angularly  widened 
in  the  middle  of  each  side,  which  suggested  the  name  subspinosa, 
or  somewhat  spined ;  the  legs  are  slender,  and  of  a  pale-red  color; 
the  joints  of  the  feet  are  tipped  with  black,  and  are  very  long ; 
which  caused  Latreille  to  call  the  genus  Macrodactylus :  that  is, 
long  toe,  or  long  foot. 

"  The  natural  history  of  the  rose-chafer,  one  of  the  greatest 
scourges  with  which  our  gardens  and  nurseries  have  been  afflicted, 
was  for  a  long  time  involved  in  mystery,  but  is  at  last  fully 
cleared  up.  The  prevalence  of  this  insect  on  the  rose,  and  its 
annual  appearance  coinciding  with  the  blossoming  of  that  flower, 
have  gained  for  it  the  popular  name  by  which  it  is  here  known. 
For  some  time  after  they  were  first  noticed,  rose-bugs  appeared  to 
be  confined  to  their  favorite,  the  blossoms  of  the  rose ;  but  within 
forty  years  they  have  prodigiously  increased  in  number,  have 
attacked  at  random  various  kinds  of  plants  in  swarms,  and  have 
become  notorious  for  their  extensive  and  deplorable  ravages. 
The  grape-vine,  in  particular,  the  cherry,  plum,  and  apple  trees, 
have  annually  suffered  by  their  depredations :  many  other  fruit- 
trees  and  shrubs,  garden  vegetables  and  corn,  and  even  the  trees 
of  the  forest  and  the  grass  of  the  fields,  have  been  laid  under 
contribution  by  -these  indiscriminate  feeders,  by  whom  leaves, 
flowers,  and  fruits  are  alike  consumed.  The  unexpected  arrival 
of  these  insects  in  swarms  at  their  first  coming,  and  their  sudden 
disappearance  at  the  close  of  their  career^  are  remarkable  facts  in 


CULTURE   OF  THE  EOSE.  39 

their  history.  They  come  forth  from  the  ground  during  the 
second  week  in  June,  or  about  the  time  of  the  blossoming  of  the 
damask-rose,  and  remain  from  thirty  to  forty  days.  At  the  end 
of  this  period  the  males  become  exhausted,  fall  to  the  ground,  and 
perish  5  while  the  females  enter  the  earth,  lay  their  eggs,  return  to 
the  surface,  and,  after  lingering  a  few  days,  die  also. 

"  The  eggs  laid  by  each  female  are  about  thirty  in  number,  and 
are  deposited  from  one  to  four  inches  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
soil :  they  are  nearly  globular,  whitish,  and  about  one-thirtieth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  and  are  hatched  twenty  days  after  they  are 
laid.  The  young  larvae  begin  to  feed  on  such  tender  roots  as  are 
within  their  reach.  Like  other  grubs  of  the  Scarabseians,  when 
not  eating  they  he  upon  the  side,  with  the  body  covered,  so  that 
the  head  and  tail  are  nearly  in  contact :  they  move  with  difficulty 
on  a  level  surface,  and  are  continually  falling  over  on  one  side  or 
the  other.  They  attain  their  full  size  in  the  autumn,  being  then 
nearly  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  and  about  an  eighth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  They  are  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  with  a 
tinge  of  blue  towards  the  hinder  extremity,  which  is  thick,  and 
obtuse  or  rounded.  A  few  short  hairs  are  scattered  on  the  surface 
of  the  body.  There  are  six  short  legs ;  namely,  a  pair  to  each  of  the 
first  three  rings  behind  the  head  :  and  the  latter  is  covered  with  a 
horny  shell  of  a  pale  rust  color.  In  October  they  descend  below 
the  reach  of  frost,  and  pass  the  winter  in  a  torpid  state.  In  the 
spring  they  approach  towards  the  surface,  and  each  one  forms  for 
itself  a  little  cell  of  an  oval  shape  by  turning  round  a  great  many 
times,  so  as  to  compress  the  earth,  and  render  the  inside  of  the 
cavity  hard  and  smooth.  Within  this  cell  the  grub  is  transformed 
to  a  pupa  during  the  month  of  May  by  casting  off  its  skin,  which 
is  pushed  downwards  in  folds  from  the  head  to  the  tail.  The  pupa 


40  CULTURE  OF  THE   ROSE. 

has  somewhat  the  form  of  the  perfected  beetle,  but  is  of  a  yellow- 
ish-white color;  its  short,  stump-like  wings,  its  antennae,  and  its 
legs,  are  folded  upon  the  breast ;  and  its  whole  body  is  enclosed 
in  a  thin  film,  that  wraps  each  part  separately.  During  the  month 
of  June,  this  filmy  skin  is  rent :  the  included  beetle  withdraws  from 
its  body  and  its  limbs,  bursts  open  its  earthen  cell,  and  digs  its  way 
to'the  surface  of  the  ground.  Thus  the  various  changes,  from  the 
egg  to  the  full  development  of  the  perfected  beetle,  are  completed 
within  the  space  of  one  year. 

"  Such  being  the  metamorphoses  and  habits  of  these  insects,  it 
is  evident  that  we  cannot  attack  them  in  the  egg,  the  grub,  or  the 
pupa  state :  the  enemy  in  these  stages  is  beyond  our  reach,  and 
is  subject  to  the  control  only  of  the  natural  but  unknown  means 
appointed  by  the  Author  of  Nature  to  keep  the  insect  tribes  in 
check.  "NYTien  they  have  issued  from  their  subterranean  retreats, 
and  have  congregated  upon  our  vines,  trees,  and  other  vegetable 
productions,  in  the  complete  enjoyment  of  their  propensities,  we 
must  unite  our  efforts  to  seize  and  crush  the  invaders.  They 
must  indeed  be  crushed,  scalded,  or  burned,  to  deprive  them  of 
life ;  for  they  are  not  affected  by  any  of  the  applications  usually 
found  destructive  to  other  insects.  Experience  has  proved  the 
utility  of  gathering  them  by  hand,  or  of  shaking  them  or  brushing 
them  from  the  plants  into  tin  vessels  containing  a  little  water. 
They  should  be  collected  daily  during  the  period  of  their  visita- 
tion, and  should  be  committed  to  the  flames,  or  killed  by  scalding 
water.  The  late  John  Lowell,  Esq.,  states  that,  in  1823,  he  dis- 
covered on  a  solitary  apple-tree  the  rose-bugs  'in  vast  numbers, 
such  as  could  not  be  described,  and  would  not  be  believed  if  they 
were  described,  or  at  least  none  but  an  ocular  witness  could  con- 
ceive of  their  numbers.  Destruction  by  hand  was  out  of  the 


CULTURE  OP  THE   ROSE.  41 

question,'  in  this  case.  He  put  sheets  under  the  tree,  shook  them 
down,  and  burned  them. 

"Dr.  Green  of  Mansfield,  whose  investigations  have  thrown 
much  light  on  the  history  of  this  insect,  proposes  protecting  plants 
with  ruillinet,  and  says  that  in  this  way  only  did  he  succeed  in 
securing  his  grape-vines  from  depredation.  His  remarks  also  show 
the  utility  of  gathering  them.  '  Eighty-six  of  these  spoilers,'  says 
he, '  were  known  to  infest  a  single  rose-bud,  and  were  crushed 
with  one  grasp  of  the  hand.'  Suppose,  as  was  probably  the  case, 
that  one-half  of  them  were  females :  by  this  destruction,  eight 
hundred  eggs,  at  least,  were  prevented  from  becoming  matured. 
During  the  time  of  their  prevalence,  rose-bugs  are  sometimes 
found  in  immense  numbers  on  the  flowers  of  the  common  white- 
weed,  or  ox-eyed  daisy  (Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum)  ;  a  worth- 
less plant,  which  has  come  to  us  from  Europe,  and  has  been 
suffered  to  overrun  our  pastures  and  encroach  on  our  mowing- 
lands.  In  certain  cases,  it  may  become  expedient  rapidly  to  mow 
down  the  infested  white-weed  in  dry  pastures,  and  consume  it, 
with  the  sluggish  rose-bugs,  on  the  spot. 

"  Our  insect-eating  birds  undoubtedly  devour  many  of  these 
insects,  and  deserve  to  be  cherished  and  protected  for  their  ser- 
vices. Rose-bugs  are  also  eaten  greedily  by  domesticated  fowls ; 
and  when  they  become  exhausted  and  fall  to  the  ground,  or  when 
they  are  about  to  lay  their  eggs,  they  are  destroyed  by  moles, 
insects,  and  other  animals,  which  lie  in  wait  to  seize  them.  Dr. 
Green  informs  us  tkat  a  species  of  dragon-fly,  or  devil's-needle, 
devours  them.  He  also  says  that  an  insect,  which  he  calls  the 
enemy  of  the  cut-worm  (probably  the  larva  of  a  Carabus  or  pre- 
daceous  ground-beetle),  preys  on  the  grubs  of  the  common  dor-bug. 
In  France,  the  golden  ground-beetle  (Carabus  auralus)  devours 


42 


CULTURE   OF   THE  ROSE. 


the  female  dor,  or  chafer,  at  the  moment  when  she  is  about  to 
deposit  her  eggs.  I  have  taken  one  specimen  of  this  fine  ground- 
beetle  in  Massachusetts ;  and  we  have  several  other  kinds  equally 
predaceous,  which  probably  contribute  to  check  the  increase  of 
our  native  Melolonthians." 


MANY  OF  the  ever-blooming  roses  cannot,  in  our 
climate,  be  cultivated  in  the  open  air  without  extreme 
precaution  to  protect  them  from  the  cold.  To  grow  them 
most  successfully,  the  aid  of  glass  is  necessary.  Many  of  the 
Hardy  Perpetual  roses  may  also  be  grown  with  advantage  in 
pots,  by  which  means  their  bloom  may  be  prolonged  into  the 
early  winter  months,  or  they  may  be  forced  into  premature 
flowering  long  before  their  natural  season  of  bloom.  The 
first  essential  in  the  pot  culture  of  roses  is  the  preparation 
of  the  soil.  Those  of  delicate  growth,  like  most  of  the 
China  and  Tea  roses,  require  a  lighter  soil  than  the  more 
robust  varieties,  like  most  of  the  Hardy  Perpetuals.  A 
mixture  of  loam,  manure,  leaf-mould,  and  sand,  in  the  pro- 


44  CULTURE   OF  THE   ROSE. 

portion  of  two  bushels  of  loam  to  one  bushel  of  manure, 
one  bushel  of  leaf-mould,  and  half  a  bushel  of  sand,  makes 
a  good  soil  for  the  more  delicate  roses.  For  the  more 
robust  kinds,  the  proportion  of  loam  and  of  manure  should 
be  greater.  In  all  cases,  the  materials  should  be  mixed 
two  or  three  months  before  they  are  wanted  for  use,  and 
turned  over  several  times  to  incorporate  them  thoroughly. 
They  are  frequently,  however,  mixed,  and  used  at  once. 
The  best  loam  is  that  composed  of  thoroughly  rotted  turf. 
A  very  skilful  English  rose-grower,  Mr.  Rivers,  recom- 
mends the  compact  turf  shaved  from  the  surface  of  an  old 
pasture,  and  roasted  and  partially  charred  on  a  sheet  of 
iron  over  a  moderate  fire.  I  have  found  no  enriching 
material  so  good  as  the  sweepings  from  the  floor  of  a 
horse-shoer,  in  which  manure  is  mixed  with  the  shavings 
of  hoofs.  It  is  light  and  porous,  and  furnishes,  in  decom- 
posing, a  great  quantity  of  ammonia.  For  the  more  deli- 
cate roses  it  is  particularly  suited,  while  the  stronger  kinds 
will  bear  manures  of  a  stronger  and  denser  nature.  The 
light  black  soil  from  the  woods  is  an  excellent  substitute 
for  leaf-mould ;  or,  to  speak  more  correctly,  it  is  a  natural 
leaf-mould  in  the  most  thorough  state  of  decomposition. 

Young  and  thrifty  roses  which  have  been  grown  during 
summer  may  be  potted  for  the  house  in  September.    They 


CULTUKE  OF  THE    ROSE.  45 

should  be  taken  up  with  care,  the  large  straggling  roots 
cut  back,  and  all  bruised  ends  removed  with  a  sharp  knife. 
The  ends  of  the  branches  should  also  be  cut  back.  They 
may  then  be  potted  in  the  compost  just  described,  which 
should  first  be  sifted  through  a  very  coarse  sieve.  The 
pots  must  be  well  drained  with  broken  crocks  placed  over 
the  hole  at  the  bottom.  Care  must  be  taken  that  the  pot 
be  not  too  large,  as  this  is  very  injurious.  A  sharp  stick 
may  be  used  to  compact  the  soil  about  the  roots;  and  from 
half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  depth  should  be  left  empty  at 
the  top,  to  assist  in  thorough  watering,  which  is  a  point 
of  the  first  importance. 

When  the  roses  are  potted,  they  should  be  placed  in  a 
light  cellar  or  shed,  or  under  a  shady  wall.  They  must  be 
well  watered,  and  it  is  well  to  syringe  them  occasionally. 
In  a  week  or  two  they  will  have  become  established,  and 
may  then  be  removed  to  a  greenhouse  without  fire,  and 
with  plenty  of  air ;  care,  however,  being  taken  to  protect 
them  from  frost  at  night. 

The  roses  so  treated  are  intended  for  blooming  from 
mid- winter  to  the  end  of  spring;  and  we  shall  soon  speak 
further  of  them  under  the  head  of  Forcing. 

A  great  desideratum  is  the  obtaining  of  roses  in  the 
early  part  of  winter.  This  may  be  done  by  growing  ever- 


46  CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE. 

blooming  roses  in  pots  in  the  open  air  during  summer, 
1  plunging  the  pot  in  the  earth,  and  placing  a  tile  or  brick 
beneath  it  to  prevent  the  egress  of  roots  and  the  ingress  of 
worms.  Towards  the  end  of  August,  cut  off  all  the  flow- 
ers and  buds,  at  the  same  time  shortening  the  flower-stalks 
to  two  or  three  eyes.  Then  give  the  roses  a  supply  of 
manure-water  to  stimulate  their  growth.  If  they  are  in  a 
thrifty  condition,  they  will  form  new  shoots  and  flower- 
buds  before  the  frost  sets  in  ;  and  may  then  be  removed  to 
a  cold  greenhouse,  where  they  will  continue,  to  flower  for 
several  months. 


The  following  is  the  description  given  by  Mr.  Rivers  of 
a  practice  recently  introduced  in  England,  and  which 
seems  well  worth  a  trial  here,  with  such  modifications  as 
the  heat  of  our  sun  may  require  :  — 

"  To  have  a  fine  bloom  of  these  roses,  or,  indeed,  of  any 
of  the  Hybrid  Perpetuals,  Bourbons,  or  China  roses,  in 
pots  towards  the  end  of  summer  or  autumn,  take  plants 
from  small  pots  (those  struck  from  cuttings  in  March  or 
April  will  do),  and  put  them  into  six-inch,  or  even  eight- 
inch  pots,  using  a  compost  of  light  turfy  loam  and  rotten 
manure,  equal  parts  :  to  a  bushel  of  the  compost  add  half 


CULTUEE  OF  THE    ROSE.  47 

a  peck  of  pounded  charcoal,  and  the  same  quantity  of 
silver  sand;  make  a  hot-bed  of  sufficient  strength,  say 
three  to  four  feet  in  height,  of  seasoned  dung,  so  that  it  is 
not  of  a  burning  heat,  in  a  sunny,  exposed  situation,  and 
on  this  place  the  pots ;  then  fill  up  all  interstices  with  saw- 
dust, placing  it  so  as  to  cover  the  rims,  and  to  lie  on  the 
surface  of  the  mould  in  the  pots  about  two  inches  deep. 
The  pots  should  have  a  good  sound  watering  before  they 
are  thus  plunged,  and  have  water  daily  in  dry  weather. 
The  bottom  heat  and  full  exposure  to  the  sun  and  air  will 
give  the  plants  a  vigor  almost  beyond  belief.  This  very 
simple  mode  of  culture  is  as  yet  almost  unknown.  I  have 
circulated  among  a  few  friends  the  above  directions;  and 
have  no'  doubt,  that,  in  the  hands  of  skilful  gardeners,  some 
extraordinary  results  may  be  looked  for  in  the  production 
of  specimens  of  soft-wooded  plants.  I  may  add,  that, 
when  the  heat  of  the  bed  declines  towards  the  middle  of 
July,  the  pots  must  be  removed,  some  fresh  dung  added, 
and  the  bed  remade,  again  plunging  the  plants  immedi- 
ately. Towards  the  end  of  August,  the  roots  of  the  plants 
must  be  ripened :  the  pots  must,  therefore,  be  gradually 
lifted  out  of  the  saw-dust ;  i.e.,  for  five  or  six  days,  expose 
them  about  two  inches  below  their  rims ;  then,  after  the 
same  lapse  of  time,  a  little  lower,  till  the  whole  of  the  pot 
is  exposed  to  the  sun  and  air :  they  may  be  then  removed 
to  the  greenhouse,  so  as  to  be  sheltered  from  heavy  rain. 
They  will  bloom  well  in  the  autumn,  and  be  in  fine  order 


48  CULTURE    OP  THE  ROSE. 

for  early  forcing.  If  plants  are  required  during  the  summer 
for  exhibition,  or  any  other  purpose,  care  must  always  be 
taken  to  harden  or  ripen  their  roots,  as  above,  before  they 
are  removed  from  the  hot-bed." 


"  Forcing  "  is  the  very  inappropriate  name  of  the  process 
by  which  roses  and  other  plants  are  induced  to  bloom 
under  glass  in  advance  of  their  natural  season.  We  say 
that  the  name  is  inappropriate,  because  one  of  the  chief 
essentials  to  the  success  of  the  process  consists  in  an 
abstinence  from  all  that  is  violent  or  sudden,  and  in  the 
gentle  and  graduated  application  of  the  stimulus  of  arti- 
ficial heat. 

Roses  may  be  forced  in  the  greenhouse,  but  not  to  ad- 
vantage, because  the  conditions  of  success  will  be  incon- 
sistent with  the  requirements  of  many  of  the  other  plants. 
The  process  is  best  carried  on  in  a  small  glass  structure 
made  for  such  purposes,  and  called  a  "  forcing-pit." 

A  pit  ten  or  twelve  feet  long  and  eight  or  ten  wide  will 
commonly  be  large  enough.  It  may  be  of  the  simplest 
and  cheapest  construction.  In  a  dry  situation,  there  is 
advantage  in  sinking  the  lower  part  of  it  two  or  three  feet 


CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE.  49 

below  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  roses  may  be  placed 
on  beds  of  earth,  or  on  wooden  platforms,  so  arranged  as  to 
bring  the  top  of  the  plants  near  the  glass ;  and  a  sunken 
path  may  pass  down  the  middle.  The  pit  may  be  heated 
by  a  stove  enclosed  with  brick-work,  and  furnished  with  a 
flue  of  brick  or  tile  passing  along  the  front  of  the  pit,  and 
entering  the  chimney  at  the  farther  end.  The  lights  must 
be  movable,  or  other  means  provided  for  ample  ventila- 
tion ;  and  if  these  are  such  that  the  air  on  entering  will 
pass  over  the  heated  flues,  and  thus  become  warmed  in  the 
passage,  great  advantage  will  result.  A  pit  may  be  append- 
ed to  a  greenhouse ;  in  which  case  it  may  be  heated  by 
hot-water  pipes  furnished  with  means  of  cutting  off  or 
letting  on  the  water. 

The  roses  potted  for  forcing,  as  directed  in  the  last  sec- 
tion, should  be  kept  in  a  dormant  state  till  the  middle  of 
December.  A  portion  of  them  may  then  be  brought  into 
the  pit,  and  the  young  shoots  pruned  back  to  two  or  three 
eyes.  The  heat  at  first  must  be  very  moderate,  not  much 
exceeding  forty-five  degrees  in  the  daytime :  and,  through- 
out the  process,  the  pit  should  be  kept  as  cool  as  possible 
at  night ;  great  care,  however,  being  taken  that  no  frost  is 
admitted.  "With  this  view,  the  glass  should  be  covered  at 
sunset  with  thick  mats.  Syringe  the  plants  as  the  buds 


50  CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE. 

begin  to  swell,  and  lose  no  opportunity  to  give  air  on  mild 
and  bright  days.  Raise  the  heat  gradually  till  it  reaches 
sixty  degrees ;  which  is  enough  during  the  winter  months, 
so  far  as  fire-heat  is  concerned.  The  heat  of  the  sun  will 
sometimes  raise  it  to  seventy  or  eighty  degrees.  Syringe 
every  morning ;  and,  if  the  aphis  appears,  fumigate  with 
tobacco ;  then  syringe  forcibly  to  wash  off  the  dead  insects. 
As  the  plants  advance  in  growth,  they  require  plenty  of 
water ;  and,  as  the  buds  begin  to  swell,  manure- water  may 
be  applied  once  or  twice.  When  the  buds  are  ready  to 
open,  the  pots  may  be  removed  to  the  greenhouse  or 
drawing-room,  and  another  supply  put  in  their  place  for  a 
second  crop  of  flowers.  When  the  blooms  are  faded,  the 
flower-stalks  may  be  cut  back  to  two  or  three  eyes,  and 
the  plants  placed  again  in  the  forcing-pit  for  another  crop. 
This,  of  course,  is  applicable  to  ever-blooming  roses  only. 

The  most  common  and  simple  way,  however,  of  obtain- 
ing roses  in  winter,  is  to  grow  them  on  rafters  in  the  green- 
house. Some,  of  the  Noisette,  China,  and  Tea  roses,  thus 
treated,  will  furnish  an  abundant  supply  of  excellent 
flowers.  By  pruning  them  at  different  periods  during  the 
summer  and  autumn,  they  will  be  induced  to  flower  in 
succession ;  since,  with  all  roses,  the  time  of  blooming  is, 
to  a  great  degree,  dependent  on  the  time  of  pruning. 


CULTUEE   OF   THE   EOSE.  51 

Roses  potted  in  the  manner  described  for  forcing  may 
also  be  brought  into  bloom  in  the  sunny  window  of  a 
chamber  or  drawing-room.  They  will  bloom  much  better 
if  allowed  to  remain  at  rest  in,  a  cool  cellar  for  a  month  or 
two  after  potting. 


The  following  is  a  cheap  mode  of  forcing,  described  by 
an  English  cultivator.  The  amateur  may,  perhaps,  be  dis- 
posed to  make  the  experiment. 

"  Those  who  wish  for  the  luxury  of  forced  roses  at  a  tri- 
fling cost  may  have  them  by  pursuing  the  following  simple 
method:  Take  a  common  garden  frame,  large  or  small, 
according  to  the  number  of  roses  wanted ;  raise  it  on  some 
posts,  so  that  the  bottom  edge  will  be  about  three  feet 
from  the  ground  at  the  back  of.  the  frame,  and  two  feet  in 
front,  sloping  to  the  south.  If  it  is  two  feet  deep,  this  will 
give  a  depth  of  five  feet  under  the  lights  at  the  back  of 
the  frame,  which  will  admit  roses  on  little  stems  as  well  as 
dwarfs.  Grafted  or  budded  plants  of  any  of  the  Perpetual 
roses  should  be  potted  in  October,  in  a  rich  compost  of 
equal  portions  of  rotten  dung  and  loam,  in  pots  about 
eight  inches  deep  and  seven  inches  over,  and  plunged  in  the 
soil  at  the  bottom.  The  air  in  the  frame  may  be  heated  by 
linings  of  hot  dung ;  but  care  must  be  taken  that  the  dung 


52  CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE. 

be  turned  over  two  or  three  times  before  it  is  used,  other- 
wise the  rank  and  noxious  steam  Avill  kill  the  young  and 
tender  shoots  :  but  the  hazard  of  this  may  be  avoided  by 
building  a  wall  of  turf,  three  inches  thick,  from  the  ground 
to  the  bottom  edge  of  the  frame.  This  will  admit  the 
heat  through  it,  and  exclude  the  steam.  The  Perpetual 
roses,  thus  made  to  bloom  early,  are  really  beautiful." 


Now,  in  the  way  of  exciting  the  reader's  emulation,  I 
will  mention  a  few  items  of  the  opening  flower-shoAV  of 
the  Crystal  Palace,  Sydenham,  on  the  26th  of  May,  a  few 
years  ago.  The  following  specimens  of  roses,  in  pots,  are 
chronicled  among  innumerable  others  :  — 

MADAME  WILLERMOZ  (Tea-scented  Rose),  seven  feet 
high,  with  more  than  a  hundred  expanded  flowers. 

SOUVENIR  DE  LA  MALMAISON  (Bourbon  Mose),  with 
thirty  expanded  flowers,  the  largest  more  than  five  inches 
in  diameter. 

PAUL  PEKKAS  (Hybrid  Bourbon  Rose),  six  feet  high, 
with  nearly  a  hundred  expanded  flowers. 

COUPE  D'HEBE  (Hybrid  Bourbon  Hose),  six  feet  high, 
covered  with  a  mass  of  bloom. 

These  were  all  raised  by  Mr.  Paul,  one  of  the  most  skilful 


CULTURE   OF  THE   ROSE.  53 

of  English  rose-growers ;  and  were  the  results  of  patience, 
care,  and  experience.  We  hold  the  production  of  speci- 
mens like  these  a  work  of  art  worthy  of  zealous  emulation., 
Our  climate  is  quite  as  favorable  to  their  production  as 
that  of  England ;  and,  when  the  floricultural  art  has  reached 
among  us  the  same  development,  our  horticultural  shows 
will,  no  doubt,  boast  decorations  equally  splendid.  The 
plants  just  mentioned  were  the  productions  of  a  nursery- 
man ;  but  specimens  of  roses  grown  to  the  highest  perfec- 
tion are  every  year  exhibited  in  England  by  amateur 
cultivators.  The  competition  for  prizes,  far  from  being  a 
mere  strife  for  a  small  sum  of  money,  is  an  honorable 
emulation,  in  which  the  credit  of  success  is  the  winner's 
best  reward. 

One  point  cannot  be  too  often  urged  in  respect  to  horti- 
cultural pursuits.  Never  attempt  to  do  any  thing  which 
you  are  not  prepared  to  do  thoroughly.  A  little  done  well 
is  far  more  satisfactory  than  a  great  deal  done  carelessly 
and  superficially.  He  who  raises  one  perfect  and  fully 
developed  specimen  of  a  plant  is  a  better  horticulturist 
than  he  who  raises  an  acre  of  indifferent  specimens.  The 
amateur  who  has  made  himself  a  thorough  master  of  the 
cultivation  of  a  single  species  or  variety,  has,  of  necessity, 
acquired  a  knowledge  and  skill,  which,  with  very  little 


54  CULTURE  OF  THE  ROSE. 

pains,  he  may  apply  to  numberless  other  forms  of  culture. 
Learn  to  produce  a  first-class  specimen  of  the  rose  grown 
in  a  pot,  and  you  will  have  no  difficulty  in  successfully 
applying  your  observation  and  experience  to  a  vast  variety 
of  plants.  We  will,  therefore,  enter  into  some  detail  as  to 
the  methods  of  procedure.  For  many  of  the  specific  direc- 
tions I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Paul,  the  exhibiter  of  the  fine 
specimens  named  -above,  and  the  author,  among  other 
books,  of  a  useful  little  treatise  on  the  cultivation  of  roses 
in  pots. 

Soil  is  the  point  that  first  demands  attention,  and  direc- 
tions concerning  it  have  already  been  given.  You  have 
bought  a  number  of  young  roses,  in  small  pots,  in  the 
spring.  Be  sure  that  these  roses  have  been  in  a  dormant 
state  during  the  winter;  for,  if  they  have  been  kept  in 
growth,  their  vital  power  is  partially  exhausted.  They  may 
be  budded  on  short  stems  of  the  Manetti  or  other  good 
stock  (see  the  chapter  on  Budding),  or  they  may  be  on 
their  own  roots.  The  Tea  and  China  roses  are  certainly 
better  in  the  latter  condition.  Shift  them  from  the  small 
pots  into  pots  a  very  little  larger,  without  breaking  the 
ball  of  earth  around  their  roots.  Water  them  well,  and 
plunge  them  to  the  edge  of  the  pot  in  earth,  in  an  open, 
airy,  sunny  place.  Or  they  may  be  set  on  the  surface, 


CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE.  55 

provided  the  spaces  between  them  are  well  packed  with 
tan,  coal-ashes,  or  swamp-moss.  The  last  is  excellent :  it 
holds  moisture  like  a  sponge.  In  every  case,  the  pots 
should  rest  on  flat  bricks,  slates,  tiles,  or  inverted  pans,  in 
order  that  worms  may  be  excluded,  and  that  the  roots 
may  not  be  tempted  to  thrust  themselves  through  the 
hole.  In  potting,  thorough  drainage  should  be  secured  by 
placing  broken  crocks  at  the  bottom  of  the  pot. 

Encourage  the  growth  of  the  plants  by  pinching  off  the 
flower-buds.  The  object  throughout  the  summer  is  to  get 
a  few  stout  well-ripened  shoots  by  autumn.  Therefore  the 
pots  should  not  be  very  close  together,  since  this  would 
deprive  the  plants  of  free  air  and  sunlight.  "Watering 
must  be  carefully  attended  to.  Cut  out,  or  pinch  off,  weak 
or  ill-placed  shoots ;  or,  what  is  better,  prevent  their  growth 
by  rubbing  off  the  buds  that  threaten  to  form  such.  Thus, 
if  several  buds  are  crowded  together  in  one  place,  rub  off 
all  but  one  or  two  of  them,  choosing  the  strongest  for 
preservation.  This  is  called  dis-budding.  Those  of  the 
plants  that  grow  most  vigorously  will  require  to  be  shifted 
into  still  larger  pots  in  July;  but  this  should  be  done 
only  in  cases  where  it  is  necessary.  As  a  guide  on  this 
point,  turn  them  carefully  out  of  the  pots  to  examine  the 
roots;  and,  if  these  are  found  protruding  in  great  abun- 


56  CULTURE  OP  THE   ROSE. 

dance  from  the  ball  of  earth,  larger  pots  will  be  required ; 
but,  if  otherwise,  the  same  one  will  suffice.  Some  roses 
suffer  greatly  if  placed  in  pots  too  large  for  them ;  and  the 
same  is.  more  or  less  true  of  all  plants. 

Late  in  autumn,  when  growth  has  ceased,  shift  the  roses 
again,  if  they  need  it,  and  place  them  for  wintering  in  a 
cellar  or  cold  frame.  In  the  spring,  prune  them,  as  directed 
in  the  chapter  on  Pruning.  After  the  rose  is  pruned,  stake 
out  the  shoots  to  as  great  distances  as  possible.  Indeed, 
the  larger  ones  should  be  made  to  lie  almost  horizontal : 
this  will  cause  the  buds  to  "break,"  or  open,  regularly 
along  their  whole  length ;  whereas,  if  left  upright,  a  few  at 
the  top  would  break,  and  the  rest  remain  dormant.  As 
soon  as  the  buds  have  opened,  the  shoots  may  be  tied  up 
again.  Syringe  the  opening  buds,  and  water  moderately, 
increasing  the  amount  of  moisture  as  the  leaves  expand, 
and  watering  abundantly  during  all  the  period  of  full 
activity  of  growth;  that  is,  during  summer  and  early 
autumn.  An  occasional  application  of  manure-water  is 
useful.  "Watch  for  insects  and  mildew,  and  apply  the 
remedies  elsewhere  directed.  About  midsummer,  shift 
those  that  need  it  into  larger  pots ;  an  operation  which,  if 
performed  with  skill,  will  not  check  their  growth  in  the 
least.  Continue  to  dis-bud  and  to  remove  weak  and  ill- 


CULTURE   OF  THE    EOSE.  57 

placed  shoots,  tying  out  the  rest,  as  they  grow,  to  stakes, 
in  order  to  bring  the  plant  into  a  symmetrical  form.  This ' 
form  is  a  matter  of  taste  with  the  cultivator :  it  may  be  a 
half-globe,  a  fan,  or  a  pyramid  or  cone.  The  last  is  usually 
the  best ;  one  strong  stem  being  allowed  to  grow  in  the 
centre,  and  smaller  stems  trained  in  gradation  around  it. 
None  must  interfere  with  their  neighbors,  and  air  should 
have  free  play  through  the  plant. 

You  have  reached  the  second  autumn,  and  your  plants 
are  now  excellent  for  forcing;  but,  if  you  aim  at  first-class 
specimens,  you  must  give  them,  at  the  least,  one  season 
more  of  growth  and  training.  To  this  end,  keep  them 
dormant  through  the  winter  in  a  cellar  or  cold  frame  as 
before,  and  prune  them  early  in  spring.  We  will  sup^- 
pose  that  a  pyramidal  plant  is  desired.  As  soon  as  they 
are  pruned,  draw  the  lower  shoots  downwards  over  the 
rim  of  the  pot,  just  beneath  which  a  wire  should  pass 
around,  to  which  the  shoots  are  to  be  tied  with  strings  of 
bass-matting.  The  shoots  higher  up  ^,re  to  be  arranged, 
with  the  aid  of  sticks  and  strings,  so  as  to  decrease  in  cir- 
cumference till  they  terminate  in  a  point.  Constant  care 
and  some  judgment  are  needed  throughout  the  growing 
season  to  preserve  symmetry  of  form.  Strong  shoots  must  be 
pinched  back,  and  weak  ones  encouraged.  Both  the  plant, 


58  CULTUBE   OP  THE  ROSE. 

and  the  pot  that  contains  it,  are,  or  ought  to  be,  so  large 
by  this  time,  that  handling  them,  especially  in  the  act  of 
shifting,  becomes  somewhat  difficult.  In  the  third,  or  at 
farthest  in  the  fourth  autumn,  you  may  expect,  as  the 
result  of  your  pains,  a  plant  that  in  its  blooming  season 
will  make  a  brilliant  contrast  with  the  half-grown  and 
indifferent  specimens  sometimes  exhibited  at  our  horticul- 
tural shows. 

If  you  forget  every  other  point  of  the  above  directions, 
keep  in  mind  the  following :  Drain  your  pots  thoroughly ; 
and,  when  you  water  them,  be  sure  that  you  give  water 
enough  to  penetrate  the  whole  mass  of  the  earth  contained 
in  them.  Watering  only  the  surface,  and  leaving  the  roots 
dry,  is  ruinous. 


THERE  ARE  five  modes  of  propagating  the  rose, 
—  by  layers,  by  cuttings,  by  budding,  by  grafting,  and  by 
suckers. 


This  is  perhaps,  for  the  amateur,  the  most  convenient 
and  certain  method.  The  best  season  for  layering  is  the 
summer,  from  the  end  of  June  to  the  end  of  August;  and, 
for  some  varieties,  even  later.  The  rose  which  is  to  be 
multiplied  should  be  in  a  condition  of  vigorous  growth. 
Loosen  and  pulverize  the  soil  around  it ;  and,  if  heavy  and 
adhesive,  add  a  liberal  quantity  of  very  old  manure  mixed 
with  its  bulk  of  sharp  sand.  The  implements  needed  for 


60  CULTURE   OP  THE  ROSE. 

the  operation  are  a  knife,  a  trowel,  and  hooked  wooden 
pegs.  Choose  a  well-ripened  shoot  of  the  same  season's 
growth,  and  strip  off  the  leaves  from  its  base  a  foot  or  more 
up  the  stalk ;  but,  by  all  means,  suffer  the  leaves  at  the 
end  to  remain.  Bend  the  shoot  gently  downward  with 
the  left  hand,  and  insert  the  edge  of  the  knife  in  its  upper 
or  inner  side  six  or  eight  inches  from  its  base,  and  imme- 
diately below  a  bud.  Cut  half  way  through  the  stem ;  then 
turn  the  edge  of  the  knife  upward,  and  cautiously  slit  the 
stem  through  the  middle,  to  the  length  of  an  inch  and  a 
half:  thus  a  tongue  of  wood,  with  a  bud  at  its  end,  will  be 
formed.  With  the  thumb  and  finger  of  the  left  hand  raise 
the  upper  part  of  the  stem  erect,  at  the  same  time  by  a 
slight  twist  turning  the  tongue  aside,  steadying  the  stem 
meanwhile  with  the  right  hand.  Thus  the  tongue  will  be 
brought  to  a  right  angle,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  part  of  the 
stem  from  which  it  was  cut.  Hold  it  in  this  position  with 
the  left  hand,  while  with  the  trowel  you  make  a  slit  in  the 
soil  just  beneath  it.  Into  this  insert  the  tongue  and  bent 
part  of  the  stem  to  a  depth  not  much  exceeding  two  inches. 
Press  the  earth  firmly  round  them,  and  pin  them  down 
with  one  of  the  hooked  pegs.  Some  operators  cut  the 
tongue  on  the  lower  or  outer  side  of  the  stem ;  but  this 
has  a  double  disadvantage.  In  the  first  place,  the  stem  is 


CULTUEE  OF  THE  ROSE.  61 

much  more  liable  to  break  in  being  bent ;  and,  in  the  next 
place,  the  tongue  is  liable  to  re-unite  with  the  cut  part,  and 
thus  defeat  the  operation.  When  all  is  finished,  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  shoot  should  stand  out  of  the  ground  as 
nearly  upright  as  possible,  and  should  by  no  means  be  cut 
back,  —  a  mistaken  practice  in  use  with  some  gardeners. 

In  a  favorable  season,  most  of  the  layers  will  be  well 
rooted  before  the  frost  sets  in.  If  the  weather  is  very  dry, 
there  will  be  many  failures.  Instead  of  roots,  a  bard 
cellular  substance  will  form  in  a  ball  around  the  tongue. 
In  the  dry  summer  of  1864,  the  rose-layers  were  thus 
"clubbed"  with  lumps  often  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg;  but 
cases  like  this  are  rare. 

In  November,  it  is  better  in  our  severe  climate  to  take 
up  the  rooted  layers,  and  keep  them  during  winter  in 
a  "  cold  frame ; "  that  is,  a  frame  constructed  like  that  of  a 
hot-bed,  without  the  heat.  Here  they  should  be  set  closely 
in  light  soil  to  the  depth  of  at  least  six  inches,  and  covered 
with  boards  and  matting ;  or  they  may  be  potted  in  small 
pots,  and  placed  in  a  frame  or  cellar. 

Layers  may  be  made  in  spring  from  wood  of  the  last 
season's  growth ;  but  laying  the  young  wood  during  sum- 
mer, as  described  above,  is  much  to  be  preferred. 


62  CULTUEE  OP  THE  ROSE. 


.CUTTINGS 


All  roses  may  be  propagated  by  cuttings ;  but  some 
kinds  strike  root  much  more  readily  than  others.  The 
hard-wooded  roses,  including  the  entire  family  of  the 
Hardy  June  roses,  and  especially  the  Mosses,  are  increased 
with  difficulty  by  cuttings.  The  Hybrid  Perpetuals  root 
more  readily ;  while  the  tender  ever-blooming  roses,  includ- 
ing the  Teas,  Noisettes,  and  Chinas,  are  propagated  in  this 
way  with  great  ease. 

Cuttings  may  be  made  from  the  ripened  or  the  half- 
ripened  wood.  In  the  case  of  roses,  and  of  nearly  all 
ligneous  plants,  cuttings  made  from  the  ripe  wood  do  not 
require  bottom-heat,  and  are  more  likely  to  be  injured  than 
benefited  by  it.  On  the  other  hand,  cuttings  of  the  soft 
or  unripe  wood  strike  root  with  more  quickness  and  cer- 
tainty if  stimulated  by  the  application  of  a  gentle  heat 
from  below. 

In  propagating  roses  from  the  ripe  wood,  the  cuttings 
must  be  made  early  in  autumn  from  wood  of  the  same 
season's  growth.  The  chances  of  success  will  be  increased 
if  they  are  taken  off  close  to  the  old  wood  with  what  is 
called  a  "heel;"  that  is,  with  a  very  small  portion  of  the 


CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE.  63 

old  wood  attached.  The  heel  should  be  trimmed  smooth 
with  a  sharp  knife :  the  cuttings  may  be  six  or  eight  inches 
long.  Strip  off  any  leaves  which  may  still  adhere  to  them, 
and  plant  them  in  rows,  at  a  depth  of  about  five  inches,  in 
a  cold  frame.  The  soil  should  be  very  light,  and  thoroughly 
drained :  water  it,  to  settle  it,  around  the  cuttings.  On 
the  approach  of  frost,  they  should  be  protected  with  boards 
and  mats,  giving  them  air  on  fine  days  during  winter.  In 
the  spring,  a  white  cellular  growth  called  a  "  callus  "  will 
have  formed  at  the  heel  of  each  cutting,  which,  if  the 
process  succeeds,  will  soon  emit  roots,  and  become  a  plant. 

Propagation  in  summer  from  the  half-ripe  wood  is  a 
better  and  less  uncertain  method.  In  June  and  July,  im- 
mediately after  the  blossoms  wither,  and  before  the  rose 
has  begun  its  second  growth,  cuttings  should  be  made  of 
the  flower-stems.  Each  cutting  may  contain  two  or  three 
buds.  The  lower  leaves  must  be  taken  off;  but  the  upper 
leaves  must  remain.  Trim  off  the  stem  smoothly  with  a 
sharp  knife  below  the  lowest  bud,  and  as  near  to  it  as  pos- 
sible without  injuring  it. 

If  the  cuttings  are  taken  off  with  a  heel,  as  above  de- 
scribed, the  chance  of  success  will  be  greater.  They  may 
now  be  inserted  at  the  depth  of  an  inch  and  a  half  around 
the  edge  of  a  small  pot  filled  one-third  with  broken  crocks, 


64  CULTURE  OF  THE  ROSE. 

and  the  remainder  with  a  mixture  of  loam,  leaf-mould,  and 
sharp  sand.  Now  place  them  in  a  frame  on  the  shady 
side  of  a  hedge  or  fence,  water  them  to  settle  the  soil,  and 
cover  them  closely  with  glass.  Sprinkle  them  lightly 
every  morning  and  night ;  and,  when  moisture  gatheus  on 
the  inner  surface  of  the  glass,  turn  it  over,  placing  the  dry 
side  inward.  If  mould  or  decay  attacks  the  cuttings, 
wedge  up  the  glass  a  little  to  give  them  air.  In  a  week 
or  two,  they  will  form  a  callus ;  after  which  they  may  be 
removed  to  a  gentle  hot-bed,  kept  moderately  close,  and 
shaded  from  the  direct  sun.  Here  they  will  quickly  strike 
root,  and  may  be  potted  off  singly  into  small  pots. 

Another  mode  of  propagation,  and  a  favorite  one  with 
nursery-men,  is  practised  early  in  the  spring.  In  this  case, 
the  cuttings  are  made  from  forced  roses,  or  roses  grown  on 
greenhouse  rafters.  Some  propagators  prefer  the  wood 
in  a  very  soft  state,  cutting  it  even  before  the  flowers  are 
expanded.  The  cuttings  may  be  placed  in  pots  as  in  the 
former  case,  or  in  shallow  boxes  or  earthen  pans  thor- 
oughly drained  with  broken  crocks.  The  soil  should  be 
shallow  enough  to  allow  the  heel  of  the  cutting  to  touch 
the  crocks.  They  are  to  be  placed  at  once  on  a  moderate 
bottom-heat,  covered  closely  with  glass,  and  shaded  from 
the  direct  rays  of  the  noontide  sun.  Their  subsequent 


CULTURE   OF   THE   ROSE.  65 

treatment  is  similar  to  that  of  summer  cuttings.  They 
must  be  closely  watched,  and  those  that  show  signs  of 
mould  or  decay  at  once  removed. 

After  the  callus  is  formed,  they  will  bear  more  air. 
When  rooted,  they  should  be  potted  into  small  pots,  and 
placed  on  a  hot-bed  of  which  the  heat  is  on  the  decline. 
Towards  the  end  of  May,  when  the  earth  is  warmed  by 
the  sun,  they  may  be  turned  out  of  the  pots  into  the  open 
ground,  where  they  will  soon  make  strong  plants. 

Many  American  nursery-naen  strike  rose-cuttings  in 
spring,  in  pure  sand,  over  a  hot-bed  or  a  tank  of  hot  water, 
in  the  close  air  of  the  propagating-house.  They  must  be 
potted  immediately  on  rooting,  as  the  sand  supplies  them 
with  nothing  to  subsist  on.  We  have  seen  many  hundreds 
rooted  in  this  way  with  scarcely  a  single  failure. 

The  management  of  difficult  cuttings  requires  a  certain 
tact,  only  to  be  gained  by  practice  and  observation ;  and 
the  gardener  who  succeeds  in  rooting  a  pot  of  cuttings  of 
tfie  Moss  Rose  has  some  reason  to  be  proud  of  his  success. 

With  respect  to  the  relative  value  of  roses  propagated 
by  the  methods  above  described,  the  most  experienced 
cultivators  are  unanimous  in  the  opinion,  that  those  raised 
from  layers  and  from  cuttings  of  the  ripe  wood,  without 
artificial  heat,  are  superior  in  vigor  and  endurance  to  those 


66  CULTUBE   OP  THE  ROSE. 

raised  from  the  half-ripe  wood  with  the  stimulus  of  a  close 
heat.  Unfortunately,  the  former  method  is  so  slow  and 
uncertain  when  compared  with  the  latter,  that  nursery- 
men rarely  employ  it  to  any  great  extent;  and  a  good 
choice  of  roses  on  their  own  roots,  raised  without  heat,  is 
sometimes  difficult  to  find. 

The  following  is  a  mode  of  propagation  not  often  prac- 
tised, but  which  is  well  worthy  of  trial,  as  it  is  applicable 
to  prunings  which  are  usually  thrown  away.  The  extract 
is  from  the  "  Gardener's  Chronicle." 

"  The  rose  is  as  easily  propagated  by  means  of  buds  or 
eyes  as  the  vine.  If  your  correspondent  *  X '  will  take  a 
strong  shoot  from  almost  any  kind  of  rose  in  a  dormant 
state,  and  with  a  sharp  knife  cut  it  into  as  many  pieces  as 
there  are  good  eyes  on  the  shoots,  the  pieces  not  being 
more  than  one  inch  long,  taking  care  to  have  the  eye  in 
the  centre  of  the  piece,  he  will  doubtless  succeed.  One- 
third  of  the  wood  should  be  cut  clean  off  from  end  to  end 
at  the  back  of  the  eye,  just  as  you  would  prepare  a  vine 
eye.  In  preparing  the  cutting-pans,  it  is  most  essential  to 
put  a  good  quantity  of  broken  potsherds  in  the  bottom, 
beginning  with  large  pieces,  and  finishing  with  others 
more  finely  broken :  then  mix  a  quantity  of  good  loam, 
leaf-soil,  and  sand,  in  equal  proportions ;  rub  it  through  a 
fine  sieve,  and  fill  the  pans  to  within  one  inch  of  the  top, 
pressing  down  the  soil  moderately  firm.  After  that,  put  in 


CULTURE   OP   THE    ROSE.  67 

the  eyes  in  a  leaning  or  slanting  position,  pressing  them 
firmly  into  the  soil  with  the  thumb  and  finger;  taking  care 
to  keep  the  thumb  on  the  bottom  end  of  the  cutting,  to 
prevent  the  bark  from  being  injured.  After  the  eyes  are 
put  in,  give  the  pan  two  or  three  gentle  raps  on  the  bench ; 
then  put  half  an  inch  of  silver  or  clean  river  sand  on  the 
top,  water  with  a  fine  rose,  and  plunge  the  pans  in  a  nice 
bottom  heat  of  say  sixty  degrees,  covering  the  surface 
over  with  moss  to  prevent  the  soil  from  getting  dry :  they 
will  not  require  any  more  water  for  a  week  or  ten  days. 
The  moss  should  be  carefully  removed  as  soon  as  the 
young  shoots  begin  to  push  through  the  sand.  In  three 
weeks  from  that  time,  the  roses  will  be  fit  for  potting  off 
into  large  sixty-sized  pots.  They  should  then  be  placed 
in  a  temperature  of  seventy  degrees,  when  they  will  soon 
repay  the  care  bestowed  on  them.  I,  however,  prefer 
grafting  on  the  Manetti  stock.  I  grafted  a  lot  in  a  dor- 
mant state  seven  weeks  ago :  they  are  now  nice  plants, 
and  will  be  in  bloom  by  May."  —  J.  Willis,  Oulton  Park, 
Cheshire. 


This  mode  of  propagation  is  attended  with  great  advan- 
tages and  great  evils.  A  new  or  rare  rose  may  be  in- 
creased by  it  more  rapidly  and  surely  than  by  any  other 
means ;  while  roses  of  feeble  growth  on  their  own  roots 


68  CULTURE   OF   THE   ROSE. 

will  often  grow  and  bloom  vigorously  when  budded  on  a 
strong  and  congenial  stock.  On  the  other  hand,  the  very 
existence  of  a  budded  rose  is,  in  our  severe  climate,  preca- 
rious. A  hard  winter  may  kill  it  down  to  the  point  of 
inoculation,  and  it  is  then  lost  past  recovery ;  whereas  a 
rose  on  its  own  roots  may  be  killed  to  the  level  of  the 
earth,  and  yet  throw  up  vigorous  shoots  in  the  spring. 
Moreover,  a  budded  rose  requires  more  attention  than  the 
cultivator  is  always  willing  to  bestow  on  it.  An  ill- 
informed  or  careless  amateur  will  suffer  shoots  to  grow 
from  the  roots  or  stem  of  the  stock ;  and,  as  these  are 
always  vigorous,  they  engross  all  the  nourishment,  and 
leave  the  budded  rose  to  dwindle  or  die ;  while  its  disap- 
pointed owner,  ignorant  of  the  true  condition  of  things, 
often  congratulates  himself  on  the  prosperous  growth  of 
his  plant.  At  length  he  is  undeceived  by  the  opening 
of  the  buds,  and  the  appearance  of  a  host  of  insignificant 
single  roses  in  the  place  of  the  Giant  of  Battles  or  General 
Jacqueminot. 

Budding,  however,  cannot  be  dispensed  with,  since,  in 
losing  it,  we  should  lose  the  most  effectual  means  of  in- 
creasing and  distributing  the  choicest  roses.  The  process 
consists  in  implanting,  as  it  were,  an  undeveloped  leaf-bud, 
of  the  variety  we  wish  to  increase,  in  the  bark  and  wood 


CULTURE   OF  THE   ROSE.  <j)9 

of  some  other  species  of  rose.  The  latter  is  called  the 
stock,  and  it  should  be  of  a  hardy  and  vigorous  nature. 
Two  conditions  are  essential  to  the  process.  The  first  is, 
that  the  bark  of  the  stock  will  "  slip;"  in  other  words,  sepa- 
rate freely  from  the  wood.  The  second  is,  that  the  rose 
to  be  increased  should  be  furnished  with  young  and  sound 
leaf-buds  in  a  dormant  state.  These  conditions  are  best 
answered  in  summer  and  early  autumn,  from  the  first 
of  July  to  the  middle  of  September.  During  the  whole  of 
this  period,  the  sap  being  in  active  motion,  the  bark  sepa- 
rates freely  from  the  wood,  while  there  is  always  a  supply 
of  plump  and  healthy  buds  on  shoots  of  the  same  year's 
growth.  The  only  implement  necessary  is  a  budding-knife. 
The  operator  should  also  pi'ovide  himself  with  strings  of 
bass-matting,  moistened  to  make  them  pliant.  Instead 
of  the  bass,  cotton-wicking  is  occasionally  used.  Cut  well- 
ripened  shoots  of  the  variety  to  be  increased,  provided 
with  plump  and  healthy  buds.  In  order  to  prevent  ex- 
haustion by  evaporation  from  the  surface  of  the  leaves, 
these  should  be  at  once  cut  off;  leaving,  however,  about 
half  an  inch  of  the  leaf-stalk  still  attached  to  the  stem. 
Insert  the  knife  in  the  bark  of  the  stem  half  an  inch  above 
a  bud,  and  then  pass  it  smoothly  downward  to  the  distance 
of  half  an  inch  below  the  bud,  thus  removing  the  latter 


70  CULTURE   OP  THE   ROSE. 

with  a  strip  of  bark  attached.  A  small  portion  of  the 
wood  will  also  adhere.  This  may  be  removed;  though  this 
is  not  necessary,  and  is  attended  with  some  little  risk  of 
pulling  out  with  it  the  eye,  or  vital  part,  of  the  bud.  Now 
place  the  bud  between  the  lips  while  you  take  the  next 
step  of  the  process.  This  consists  in  cutting  a  vertical 
slit  in  the  bark  of  the  stock.  This  done,  cut  a  tranverse 
slit  across  the  top  of  the  vertical  one.  Both  should  be 
quite  through  the  bark  to  the  wood  below ;  then,  with  the 
flat  handle  of  the  budding-knife,  raise  the  corners  of  the 
bark,  and  disengage  it  from  the  wood  sufficiently  to  allow 
of  the  bud  being  slipped  smoothly  into  the  crevice  between 
the  wood  and  bark  of  the  stock.  Next  apply  the  edge 
of  the  knife  to  the  protruding  end  of  the  bark  attached  to 
the  bud,  and  cut  it  smoothly  off  immediately  over  the 
tranverse  slit  in  the  bark  of  the  stock.  The  bud  is  now 
adjusted  accurately  in  its  place,  the  overlapping  bark  clos- 
ing neatly  around  it.  Now  tie  it  above  and  below  pretty 
firmly  with  repeated  turns  of  the  bass-matting,  and  the 
work  is  done.  It  must  be  remembered,  that,  to  be  well 
done,  it  must  be  quickly  done ;  and  it  is  better  to  insert  the 
bud  on  the  north  or  shady  side  of  the  stock. 

The  bud  and  the  stock  will  soon  begin  to  grow  together. 
After  a  week  or  two  they  should  be  examined,  and  the  tie 


CULTUEE  OF  THE   EOSE.  71 

loosened.  If  the  bud  is  put  in  early  in  the  season,  it  may 
be  made  to  grow  almost  immediately  by  cutting  off  the 
ends  of  the  growing  shoots  of  the  stock,  and  thus  forcing 
sap  towards  the  bud.  As  the  bud  grows,  the  stock  should 
be  still  further  shortened,  and  all  the  shoots  growing  below 
the  bud  should  be  removed  altogether. 

Budded  stocks  require  in  this  country,  at  least  when 
the  buds  are  dormant,  a  protection  against  the  winter. 
Where  there  are  but  few,  oiled  paper,  or  something  of  a 
similar  nature,  may  be  tied  over  the  bud  as  a  shelter  from 
snow,  rain,  and  sun ;  but,  when  there  are  many,  this  is  im- 
possible, and  the  stocks  may  be  taken  up,  and  "heeled" 
close  together  in  a  dry  soil  under  a  shelter  of  boards  and 
mats.  "  Heeling  "  is  merely  a  temporary  planting. 

In  the  following  spring,  the  stocks  may  be  cut  off  to 
within  an  inch  of  the  bud,  and  then  planted  where  they 
are  to  remain.  When  the  bud  is  inserted  near  the 
ground,  —  which  in  our  climate  should  always  be  done, — 
the  stock  should  be  planted  in  such  a  manner  that  the  bud 
is  a  little  below  the  level  of  the  earth.  To  this  end,  the 
stock  should  be  set  in  a  slanting  position  in  the  hole  dug 
for  it ;  the  bud,  of  course,  being  uppermost,  and  about  an 
inch  below  the  level  of  the  edge  of  the  hole :  then  the 
hole  should  be  partially  filled  in.  When  the  bud  has 


72  CULTURE   OF   THE   ROSE. 

grown  out  to  the  height  of  six  or  eight  inches,  the  hole 
may  be  filled  altogether.  No  part  of  the  .stock  will  now 
be  seen  above  the  earth.  By  this  means,  the  point  of 
junction  of  the  stock  and  the  bud  is  protected  from  the 
cold  of  winter  and  the  heat  of  summer,  and  the  rose  will 
live  longer  and  thrive  better  than  where  the  stock  is 
exposed.  In  many  cases,  the  rose  will  throw  out  roots  of 
its  own  above  its  junction  with  the  stock,  and  thus  become 
in  time  a  self-rooted  plant. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  stocks  in  common  use  at  the 
present  time  for  out-door  roses.  One  is  the  Dog  Rose,  a 
variety  growing  wild  in  various  parts  of  Europe ;  the  other 
is  the  Manetti  Rose,  a  seedling  raised  by  the  Italian  culti- 
vator whose  name  it  bears.  There  can  be  no  doubt,  that, 
of  the  two,  the  Manetti  is  by  far  the  better  for  this  climate. 
It.  is  very  vigorous,  very  hardy,  easily  increased  by  layei* 
or  cuttings  of  the  ripe  wood,  and  free  from  the  vicious 
habit  of  the  Dog  Rose,  of  throwing  out  long  under-ground 
suckers.  "We  would  by  no  means  say  that  it  ^will  not 
throw  up  an  abundance  of  shoots  from  the  roots  if  allowed 
to  do  so ;  but  these  shoots  are  easily  distinguished  by  a 
practised  eye  from  those  of  the  budded  rose.  They  may  be 
known  at  a  glance  by  the  peculiar  reddish  tint  of  the  stem, 
and  by  the  shape  and  the  deep  glossy  hue  of  the  leaves. 


CULTURE   OP   THE   EOSE.  73 

They  must  be  removed  as  soon  as  seen,  not  by  cutting 
them  off,  but  by  tearing  them  off  under  ground,  either  by 
hand  if  possible,  or  with  the  help  of  a  forked  stick,  which, 
pressed  strongly  into  the  earth,  slips  them  off  at  their  junc- 
tion with  the  root. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  many  kinds  of  roses,  budded 
low  on  the  Manetti  stock,  will  grow  with  a  vigor,  and  bloom 
with  a  splendor,  which  they  do  not  reach  on  their  own 
roots,  and  which  will  often  repay  the  additional  labor 
which  they  exact.  We  once  planted  in  the  manner  above 
described  a  strong  Manetti  stock  containing  a  single  bud  of 
the  Hybrid  Perpetual  Rose, — Triomphe.  de  1'Exposition. 
In  the  September  following,  it  had  thrown  up  a  stem  with 
several  branches,  the  central  shoot  rising  to  the  height  of 
six  feet  and  a  half,  and  bearing  on  its  top  the  largest  and 
finest  blossom  we  have  ever  seen  of  that  superb  variety. 
Some  roses,  however,  will  not  grow  well  on  the  Manetti. 
Others,  again,  can  scarcely  be  grown  with  advantage  in 
any  other  way,  refusing  to  strike  root  from  layers,  and 
often  failing  when  the  attempt  is  made  to  root  them  from 
cuttings  even  of  the  soft  wood.  Some,  even  when  rooted, 
remain  feeble  and  dwarfish  plants  ;  while,  if  a  bud  from 
them  is  implanted  in  a  good  Manetti  stock,  it  would  grow 
to  a  vigorous  bush  in  one  season.  To  sum  up,  we  would 


74  CULTURE  OF  THE  ROSE. 

say,  that,  for  the  amateur,  nine  roses  out  of  ten  are  better 
on  their  own,  roots,  while  there  are  a  few  which  can  only 
be  grown  successfully,  budded  on  a  good  stock. 


All  the  evil  that  can  be  spoken  of  budded  roses  is 
doubly  true  of  grafted  roses ;  while  the  advantages  which 
the  former  can  claim  are  possessed  in  a  less  degree  by  the 
latter.  The  reason  is,  simply,  that,  in  the  case  of  the  bud- 
ded rose,  the  junction  between  the  stock  and  foreign  variety 
is  commonly  more  perfect  than  in  the  case  of  the  grafted 
rose.  Indeed,  it  would  not  be  worth  while  to  graft  roses 
at  all,  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  grafting  can  be  practised 
at  times  when  budding  is  impossible.  This  is  because  it  is 
indispensable,  in  budding,  that  the  sap  of  the  stock  should 
be  in  full  motion;  whereas,  in  grafting,  it  may  be  at  rest. 

There  are  innumerable  modes  of  grafting ;  but,  for  the 
rose,  the  simplest  form  of  what  is  called  "  whip-grafting  " 
is  perhaps  the  best.  In  the  end  of  winter,  or  at  the  begin- 
ning of  spring,  take  young  well-rooted  plants  of  the  Ma- 
netti  stock,  having  stems  not  much  larger  than  a  quill. 
Beginning  very  near  the  root,  shave  off  with  a  sharp 
knife  a  slip  of  the  bark,  with  a  little  of  the  wood,  to  the 


CULTUEE   OF  THE   ROSE.  75 

length  of  something  more  than  an  inch ;  then  shave  down 
the  lower  end  of  the  graft  until  it  fits  accurately  the  part 
of  the  stock  whence  the  bark  and  w6od  have  been  pared 
off.  The  essential  point  is,  that  the  inner  bark  of  the 
graft  should  be  in  contact  with  the  inner  bark  of  the  stock. 
When  the  two  are  fitted,  bind  them  around  with  strings 
of  wet  bass-matting.  Now  plant  the  stock  in  a  pot,  setting 
it  so  deeply,  that  its  point  of  junction  with  the  graft  is 
completely  covered  with  soil.  Place  the  pots  thus  pre- 
pared on  a  gentle  hot-bed,  and  cover  them  closely  with 
glass.  When  the  shoots  from  the  graft  are  well  grown 
out,  give  them  air  by  degrees  to  harden  them. 

A  better  way  is  to  pot  the  stocks  early  in  autumn,  so 
that  they  may  become  well  established.  In  this  case,  it 
will  be  necessary  to  cover  the  junction  of  the  stock  and 
graft  with  grafting  wax  or  clay  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
exclude  all  air;  then  plunge  the  pots  in  old  tan  over  a 
gentle  hot-bed,  so  deeply  that  the  grafted  part  is  completely 
covered,  the  ends  only  of  the  grafts  being  visible.  This 
keeps  them  in  an  equable  heat  and  moisture.  The  subse- 
quent treatment  is  the  same  as  in  the  former  case.  As  the 
stock  has  acquired  a  hold  on  the  earth  of  the  pot,  or  is,  as 
the  gardeners  express  it,  "  established,"  the  graft  will  grow 
much  more  quickly,  and  make  a  strong  blooming  plant  the 
same  season. 


76  CULTURE   OF   THE   ROSE. 

In  all  grafting,  whether  of  roses  or  other  woody  plants, 
it  is  necessary  that  the  buds  of  the  graft  should  be  com- 
pletely dormant.  In  the  stock,  on  the  other  hand,  a  slight 
and  partial  awakening  of  the  vital  action  at  the  time  the 
grail  is  put  on  seems  rather  beneficial  than  injurious. 


wfe 


In  this  mode  of  increasing  roses,  Nature,  rather  than  the 
cultivator,  may  be  said  to  do  the  work  of  propagation. 
Many  sorts  of  roses  throw  out  spontaneously  long  under- 
ground stems,  from  which  roots  soon  issue,  and  which  soon 
throw  up  an  abundance  of  shoots  above  ground.  When 
these  suckers,  as  they  are  called,  are  separated  from  the 
parent,  and  planted  apart,  they  make  a  strong  growth,  but 
rarely  form  plants  so  symmetrical  as  those  raised  from  cut- 
tings or  layers. 


RAISING  NEW  VARIETIES.  —  A  layer,  a  cut- 
ting, a  bud,  a  graft,  and  a  sucker,  are  detached  portions  of 
an  individual  plant;  and  the  plant  resulting  from  them  is  of 
precisely  the  same  character  with  the  parent.  But,  when 
the  seed  germinates,  it  is  not  the  reproduction  of  the  same 
individual,  but  it  is  the  birth  of  a  new  one.  The  oifspring 
will  show  a  family  likeness ;  but  it  is  by  no  means  probable, 
at  least  in  the  case  of  the  rose,  that  its  features  will  be 
precisely  the  same  with  those  of  its  parent.  Plant  the 
seeds  of  a  rose ;  as,  for  example,  of  the  Hybrid  Perpetual, 
La  Reine,  and  of  the  resulting  seedlings :  all  will  probably 
show  traces,  more  or  less,  of  their  origin ;  but  the  greater 
part  will  be  far  inferior  to  the  parent.  Some  will  be  sin- 

77 


78  CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE. 

gle ;  many  -will  be  half  double ;  and,  among  a  large  num- 
ber of  seedlings,  we  shall  be  fortunate  if  we  find  two 
or  three  equal  in  beauty  to  La  Reine  herself.  Nor  is  it 
at  all  likely  that  even  these  will  be  her  precise  counter- 
parts. They  may  possibly  be  her  equals ;  but  they  will 
not  exactly  resemble  her :  and  thus  we  obtain  a  new  and 
valuable  acquisition  to  the  list  of  roses.  Now,  if,  instead 
of  singly  gathering  and  sowing  the  seeds  of  La  Reine,  we 
first  impregnate  its  flowers  with  the  pollen  of  a  different 
variety,  such  as  the  Giant  ot  Battles,  our  chance  of  a  val- 
uable result  is  increased,  because,  if  we  are  fortunate,  we 
combine  the  desirable  qualities  of  two  sorts.  It  is  not 
impossible  that  we  may  thus  produce  a  rose  combining  the 
vigorous  growth  and  large  globular  flowers  of  La  Reine 
with  some  portion  of  the  vivid  coloring  of  the  Giant  of 
Battles.  It  is  by  the  raising  of  seedlings  with  or  without 
hybridization  that  the  innumerable  roses  that  decorate  our 
gardens  and  fill  the  catalogues  of  nursery-men  have  been 
produced.  M.  LafFay,  to  whom  more  than  to  any  other 
single  cultivator  we  are  indebted  for  bringing  into  exist- 
ence the  splendid  family  of  the  Hybrid  Perpetual  roses, 
raised  in  one  year  more  than  three  hundred  thousand 
seedlings.  Of  these,  all  but  a  small  portion  were,  no  doubt, 
pulled  up,  and  thrown  away  as  worthless,  after  their  first 


CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE.  79 

blooming  i  the  rest  were  allowed  to  stand  for  further 
trial :  and  if,  finally,  a  score  or  two  of  roses  really  distinct 
and  valuable  were  obtained,  the  year's  culture  may  have 
been  regarded  as  a  great  success.  It  requires  a  long  time 
before  the  character  of  a  seedling-rose  can  be  thoroughly 
ascertained.  M.  Margottin,  another  eminent  rose-grower, 
says  that  no  conscientious  cultivator  will  permit  a  seedling 
to  pass  out  of  his  hands  until  he  has  given  it  a  six-years' 
trial. 

The  raising  of  roses  from  seed  is  an  occupation  of  so 
much  interest,  that  few  who  have  fairly  entered  upon  it 
have  ever  willingly  abandoned  it.  Many  choice  roses 
have  been  raised  by  amateurs ;  and  those  who  have  the 
time  and  means  to  enter  on  a  large  or  a  small  scale  upon 
this  pursuit  will  find  it  a  source  of  abundant  enjoyment. 
In  the  next  chapter,  we  shall  point  out  the  combinations 
from  which  the  existing  classes  of  Hybrid  roses  have 
sprung ;  and  hereafter,  when  we  come  to  the  description  of 
these  classes,  we  shall  add  a  few  suggestions  as  to  other 
combinations  likely  to  produce  good  results. 

Some  roses  bear  seed  freely,  while  others  can  hardly  be 
induced  to  bear  it  at  all.  The  hybridizer  should  take  note 
of  their  peculiarities  in  this  respect,  or  he  will  throw  away 
much  labor  and  patience;  for  it  is  a  thankless  task  to 


80  CULTURE   OF  THE  ROSE. 

hybridize  a  rose,  which,  after  all  the  labor  spent  upon  it,  will 
not  produce  a  single  seed-vessel.  Fortunately,  many  of 
the  best  roses  bear  seed  abundantly ;  and  La  Reine,  Gene- 
ral Jacqueminot,  Jules  Margottiu,  Madame  Laflhy,  and 
many  others  as  good  as  these,  may  confidently  be  relied  on. 
It  is  a  good  rule,  that  no  seedling-rose  is  worth  preserv- 
ing, or  at  least  worth  propagating,  that  is  not,  in  some  one 
point,  superior  to  or  distinct  from  any  other  rose  existing. 
Roses  should  be  hybridized  immediately  after  they  open, 
or  they  will  become  thoroughly  fertilized  with  their  own 
pollen,  and  the  object  of  the  operation  will  thus  be  defeat- 
ed. The  best  time  of  the  day  is  about  ten  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  as  soon  as  the  sun  has  dried  the  dew  from  the 
centre  of  the  flower.  The  pollen  of  the  rose  whose  quali- 
ties it  is  wished  to  impart  may  be  applied  to  the  pistils  of 
the  maternal  or  seed-bearing  flower  with  a  camel's-hair 
pencil ;  or  one  rose  may  be  held  over  the  other,  and  tapped 
with  the  finger  till  the  pollen  falls  upon  the  pistils  of  the 
seed-bearer.  Roses  are  uncertain  as  to  the  production  of 
pollen.  In  some  seasons  and  some  situations  it  is  abun- 
dant, while  in  others  it  is  produced  very  scantily.  The 
impregnated  roses  may  be  marked  by  strings  or  labels 
tied  to  their  stems.  The  seed  should  not  be  gathered  till 
the  first  frost ;  and,  to  insure  its  ripening,  the  plant  should 


CULTURE  OF   THE   ROSE.  81 

stand  in  a  warm,  sunny  exposure.  The  pods  should  be 
laid  in  the  sun  to  dry,  then  broken  up,  and  the  seed  sepa- 
rated by  means  of  a  sieve. 

We  have  found  the  following  mode  of  sowing  a  success- 
ful one :  A  frame  —  a  shallow  hot-bed  frame  answers  per- 
fectly —  should  be  prepared  by  making  within  it  a  bed  of 
loam,  old  manure,  leaf-mould,  and  sand,  at  least  eighteen 
inches  deep.  These  materials  should  be  thoroughly  mixed, 
and  the  surface  layer  for  an  inch  or  two  in  depth  sifted 
through  a  moderately  coarse  sieve,  and  then  levelled  and 
smoothed.  The  seeds  may  be  sown  broadcast ;  that  is  to 
say,  scattered  over  the  surface.  They  may  be  sown  thickly, 
as  not  a  third  part  will  germinate ;  and,  when  sown,  they 
should  be  pressed  firmly  into  the  soil  with  a  board  or  the 
back  of  a  spade.  Then  the  same  soil  should  be  sifted  over 
them  to  the  depth  of  half  an  inch,  and  pressed  down  very 
lightly.  Some  will  prefer  to  sow  them  in  drills,  which 
should  be  about  six  inches  apart;  the  seed  in  no  case  being 
more  than  half  an  inch  deep.  Now  leave  the  frame  open, 
and  exposed  to  rain  and  frost.  Just  before  the  heavy 
snows  begin,  and  when  the  whole  is  hard  frozen,  cover  it 
with  boards  and  mats,  that  it  may  remain  frozen  till 
spring.  The  object  of  this  is  to  protect  the  seeds  from 
mice,  which  are  exceedingly  fond  of  them.  When  the 

6 


I 
82  CULTURE   OP  THE  ROSE. 

mild  weather  begins,  open  the  frame,  and  allow  the  ground 
to  thaw :  keeping,  however,  a  close  watch  upon  them ;  for, 
though  these  depredators  like  to  do  their  work  under 
cover  and  in  darkness,  there  is  still  some  little  danger  of 
their  attacks.  As  the  soil  warms,  the  seeds  will  begin  to 
come  up.  Some  of  the  ever-blooming  roses  may  blossom 
the  first  season ;  but  the  Hardy  June  kinds  will  not  show 
bloom  before  the  third,  or  even  the  fourth  year.  If  the 
plants  are  too  crowded,  pull  up  some  of  them  when  the 
ground  is  softened  after  a  rain,  and  plant  them  in  a  bed  by 
themselves.  In  the  autumn,  take  them  all  up,  and  heel 
them  in  a  mouse-proof  frame  for  safe  keeping  through  the 
winter.  In  the  spring,  plant  them  out  in  rich  soil,  a  foot 
apart.  They  might,  indeed,  be  wintered  safely  in  the  frame 
where  they  originally  grew :  but  this  is  attended  with  one 
disadvantage ;  for  many  of  the  seeds  will  not  germinate 
till  the  second  year;  and,  in  removing  the  plants  at  that 
time,  these  infant  seedlings  would  be  destroyed  ;  whereas, 
by  leaving  them  undisturbed,  a  second  crop  may  be  ob- 
tained. Care  must  be  taken  throughout  to  keep  the  frame 
free  from  weeds. 

The  eminent  English  rose-grower,  Mr.  Rivers,  recom- 
mends a  method  of  raising  seedlings,  which  we  have  not 
tried,  but  which  we  have  no  doubt  is  a  good  one,  though 


CULTURE   OF   THE    ROSE.  83 

not  applicable  to  raising  them  on  a  large  scale.    We  give 
his  directions  in  his  own  words:  — 

"  The  hips  of  all  the  varieties  of  roses  will,  in  general,  be 
fully  npe  by  the  beginning  of  November :  they  should 
then  be  gathered,  and  kept  entire  in  a  flower-pot  filled 
with  dry  sand,  carefully  guarded  from  mice.  In  February, 
or  by  the  first  week  in  March,  they  must  be  broken  to 
pieces  with  the  fingers,  and  sown  in  flower-pots,  such  as 
are  generally  used  for  sowing  seeds  in,  called  'seed-pans;' 
but,  for  rose-seeds,  they  should  not  be  too  shallow :  nine 
inches  in  depth  will  be  enough.  .  These  should  be  nearly, 
but  not  quite,  filled  with  a  rich  compost  of  rotten  manure, 
and  sandy  loam  or  peat.  The  seeds  may  be  covered  to  the 
depth  of  about  half  an  inch  with  the  same  compost.  A 
piece  of  kiln-wire  must  then  be  placed  over  the  pot,  fitting 
closely  at  the  rim,  so  as  to  prevent  the  ingress  of  mice, 
which  are  passionately  fond  of  rose-seeds.  There  must  be 
space  enough  between  the  wire  and  the  mould  for  the 
young  plants  to  come  up :  half  an  inch  will  probably  be 
found  enough.  The  pots  of  seed  must  never  be  placed 
under  glass,  but  kept  constantly  in  the  open  air,  in  a  full 
sunny  exposure,  as  the  wire  will  shade  the  mould,  and 
prevent  its  drying.  Water  should  be  given  occasionally 
in  dry  weather.  The  young  plants  will  perhaps  make  their 
appearance  in  April  or  May;  but  very  often  the  seed  will 
not  vegetate  till  the  second  spring.  When  they  have 
made  their  '  rough  leaves,'  that  is,  when  they  have  three 


84  CULTURE   OF  THE   ROSE. 

or  four  leaves,  exclusive  of  their  seed-leaves,  they  must  be 
carefully  raised  with  the  point  of  a  narrow  pruning-knife, 
potted  into  small  pots,  and  placed  in  the  shade :  if  the 
weather  be  very  hot  and  dry,  they  may  be  covered  with  a 
hand-glass  for  a  few  days.  They  may  remain  in  those 
pots  a  month,  and  then  be  planted  out  into  a  rich  border  : 
by  the  end  of  August,  those  that  are  robust  growers  will 
have  made  shoots  long  enough  to  take  buds  from.  Those 
that  have  done  so  may  be  cut  down,  and  one  or  two 
strong  stocks  budded  with  each  :  these  will,  the  following 
summer,  make  vigorous  shoots ;  and  the  summer  following, 
if  left  un  pruned,  to  a  certainty  they  will  produce  flowers. 
This  is  the  only  method  to  insure  seedling  roses  flowering 
the  third  year :  many  will  do  so  that  are  not  budded ;  but 
very  often  the  superior  varieties  are  shy  bloomers  on  their 
own  roots,  till  age  and  careful  culture  give  them  strength. 
"  It  may  be  mentioned  here,  as  treatment  applicable  to 
all  seed-bearing  roses,  that,  when  it  is  desirable  the  qualities 
of  a  favorite  rose  should  preponderate,  the  petals  of  the 
flower  to  be  fertilized  must  be  opened  gently  with  the 
fingers.*  A  flower  that  will  expand  in  the  morning  should 


*  "  It  requires  some  watchfulness  to  do  this  at  the  proper  time  :  if  too 
soon,  the  petals  will  be  injured  in  forcing  them  open  ;  and  in  hot  wsather, 
in  July,  if  delayed  only  an  hoar  or  two,  the  anthers  will  be  found  to 
have  shed  their  pollen.  •  To  ascertain  precisely  when  the  pollen  is  in  a 
fit  state  for  transmission,  a  few  of  the  anthers'  should  be  gently  pressed 
with  the  finger  and  thumb :  if  the  yellow  dust  adheres  to  them,  the  oper- 
ation may  be  performed.  It  requires  close  examination  and  some  practice 


CULTUEE  OF  THE   ROSE.  85 

be  opened  the  afternoon  or  evening  previous,  and  the 
anthers  all  removed  with  a  pair  of  pointed  scissors :  the 
following  morning,  when  this  flower  is  fully  expanded,  it 
must  be  fertilized  with  a  flower  of  some  variety,  of  which 
it  is  desired  to  have  seedlings  partaking  largely  of  its 
qualities.  To  exemplify  this,  we  will  suppose  that  a 
climbing  Moss  Rose  with  red  or  crimson  flowers  is  wished 
for.  The  flowers  of  the  Blush  Ayrshire,  which  bears  seed 
abundantly,  may  be  selected,  and,  before  expansion,  the 
anthers  removed.  The  following  morning,  or  as  soon  after 
the  operation  as  these  flowers  open,  they  should  be  fertil- 
ized with  those  of  the  Luxembourg  Moss.  If  the  operation 
succeed,  seeds  will  be  procured,  from  which  the  probability 
is  that  a  climbing  rose  will  be  produced  with  the  habit 

to  know  when  the  flower  to  be  operated  upon  is  in  a  fit  state  to  receive 
the  pollen  :  as  a  general  rule,  the  flowers  ought  to  be  in  the  same  state 
of  expansion ;  or,  in  other  words,  about  the  same  age.  It  is  only  in 
cases  where  it  is  wished  for  the  qualities  of  a  particular  rose  to  predomi- 
nate that  the  removal  of  the  anthers  of  the  rose  to  be  fertilized  is  neces- 
sary :  thus,  if  a  yellow  climbing  rose  is  desired  by  the  union  of  the 
Yellow  Brier  with  the  Ayrshire,  every  anther  should  be  removed  from  the 
latter,  so  that  it  is  fertilized  solely  with  the  pollen  of  the  former.  In 
some  cases,  where  it  is  desirable  to  have  the  qualities  of  both  parents  in 
an  equal  degree,  the  removal  of  the  anthers  need  not  take  place :  thus  I 
have  found  by  removing  them  from  the  Luxembourg  Moss,  and  fertil- 
izing that  rose  with  a  dark  variety  of  Rosa  Gallica,  that  the  features  of 
the  Moss  Rose  are  totally  lost  in  its  offspring,  and  they  become  nearly 
pure  varieties  of  Rosa  Gallioa ;  but  if  the  anthers  of  the  Moss  Rose  are 
left  untouched,  and  it  is  fertilized  wtth  Rosa  Gallica,  interesting  hybrids 
are  the  result,  more  or  less  mossy.  This  seems  to  make  superfetation 
very  probable ;  yet  Dr.  Lindley,  in  '  Theory  of  Horticulture,'  p.  332, 
'  thinks  it  is  not  very  likely  to  occur.'  " 


86  CULTURE    OF  THE  ROSE. 

and  flowers  of  the  Moss  Rose,  or  at  least  an  approximation 
to  them ;  and  as  these  hybrids  often  bear  seed  freely,  by 
repeating  the  process  with  them,  the  at  present  apparent 
remote  chance  of  getting  a  climbing  Moss  Rose  may  be 
brought  very  near. 

"I  mention  the  union  of  the  Moss  and  Ayrshire  roses  by 
way  of  illustration,  and  merely  to  point  out  to  the  amateur 
how  extensive  and  how  interesting  a  field  of  operations  is 
open  in  this  way.  I  ought  to  give  a  fact  that  has  occurred 
in  my  own  experience,  which  will  tell  better  with  the 
sceptical  than  a  thousand  anticipations.  About  four  years 
since,  in  a  pan  of  seedling  Moss  roses  was  one  with  a 
most  peculiar  habit,  even  when  very  young :  this  has  since 
proved  a  hybrid  rose,  partaking  much  more  of  the  Scotch 
Rose  than  of  any  other,  and,  till  the  plant  arrived  at  full 
growth,  I  thought  it  a  Scotch  rose,  the  seed  of  which  had 
by  accident  been  mixed  with  that  of  the  Moss  Rose,  al- 
though I  had  taken  extreme  care.  To  my  surprise,  it  has 
since  proved  a  perfect  hybrid,  having  the  sepals  and  the 
fruit  of  the  Provence  Rose,  with  the  spiny  and  dwarf  habit 
of  the  Scotch  Rose:  it  bears  abundance  of  hips,  which  are 
all  abortive.*  The  difference  in  the  fruit  of  the  Moss  and 
Provence  roses  and  that  of  the  Scotch  is  very  remark- 
able, and  this  it  was  whjch  drew  my  particular  attention 

*  "  It.is  more  than  probable,  that,  if  the  flowers  of  this  rose  were  fertil- 
ized with  those  of  the  single  Moss  Rose,  they  would,  produce  seed  from 
which  some  curious  hybrid  Mogs  roees  might  be  expected." 


CULTURE  OF  THE  ROSE.  87 

to  the  plant  in  question.  It  was  raised  from  the  same  seed 
and  in  the  same  .seed-pan  as  the  Single  Crimson  Moss  Rose. 
As  this  strange  hybrid  came  from  a  Moss  Rose,  accidental- 
ly fertilized,  we  may  expect  that  art  will  do  much  more  for 


Some  of  the  more  hardy  kinds  of  climbing  roses,  as,  for 
example,  the  Queen  of  the  Prairies,  may  be  induced  to 
wear  borrowed  robes,  and  assume  beauties  beyond  those 
with  which  Nature  endowed  them.  At  the  proper  season, 
they  may  be  budded  here  and  there  with  some  of  the 
most  hardy  and  vigorous  of  the  June  and  Hybrid  Perpet- 
ual roses.  As  these  varieties  bloom  earlier  than  the 
Prairie  roses,  the  period  of  bloom  of  the  climber  will  be 
greatly  protracted  by  this  process,  while  at  the  same  time 
it  will  be  made  to  bear  flowers  incomparably  finer  in  form 
and  color  than  its  own.  It  will  be  necessary,  however,  in 
our  Northern  climate,  to  protect  it  by  nailing  mats  over  it, 
since  otherwise  many  of  the  buds  will  be  winter-killed ; 
and,  as  it  is  expected  to  yield  more  than  its  natural  share 
of  bloom,  it  should  be  stimulated  with  more  than  the  usual 
manuring,  and  pruned  more  closely  than  the  ordinary 
climbing  roses. 


88  CULTURE    OP  THE  ROSE. 


"We  have  before  spoken  of  the  difficulty  of  cultivating 
standard  roses,  or  roses  budded  on  tall  stems,  in  our  cli- 
mate. It  is  possible,  however,  to  produce  a  kind  of  stan- 
dard without  a  resort  to  budding.  We  may  choose  some 
of  the  most  hardy  and  vigorous  of  the  June  roses, —  we 
may  find  such  especially  in  the  class  known  as  the  Hybrid 
Chinas,  —  and  encourage  the  growth  of  a  single,  strong, 
upright  stem,  removing  all  other  shoots  from  the  base  of  the 
plant  as  fast  as  they  appear.  The  stem  should  be  kept 
straight  by  tying  it  to  a  stick  till  it  has  gained  strength 
enough  to  hold  itself  erect.  Thus,  in  a  single  season,  we 
shall  have,  with  some  varieties,  a  stem  five  or  six  feet  high. 
Early  in  spring,  prune  it  down  to  the  first  healthy  and 
plump  bud.  During  the  following  season,  allow  no  shoots 
to  develop  themselves,  except  at  the  top ;  and,  in  the  suc- 
ceeding spring,  prune  back  these  top-shoots  to  two  or  three 
eyes.  All  of  these  eyes  will,  in  their  turn,  develop  into 
shoots ;  and  these,  again,  are  to  be  pruned  back  like  the 
first.  Thus,  in  two  or  three  seasons,  we  obtain  a  thick 
bushy  head  at  the  top  of  a  tall  upright  stem ;  in  short,  a 
standard,  capable  of  bearing  even  a  New-England  winter. 


CULTURE   OP   THE   ROSE.  89 


It  is  always  better  to  prepare  beds  for  roses  in  the 
autumn,  that  they  may  have  the  benefit  of  a  thorough  ex- 
posure to  the  winter  frost.  With  this  view,  the  soil  should 
be  thrown  up  into  ridges  as  roughly  as  possible.  It  will 
then  be  thoroughly  frozen  through,  and  subjected  to  all 
the  changes  of  temperature  during  the  season.  This  will 
not  only  tend  to  destroy  worms  and  noxious  insects,  but 
it  will  separate  the  particles  of  the  soil,  and  leave  it  light 
and  pliable.  Soil  thrown  into  ridges  can  also  be  worked 
earlier  in  the  spring  than  that  which  is  left  at  its  natural 
level. 

The  cardinal  points  of  successful  rose-culture  are  a  good 
soil,  good  pruning,  and  good  cultivation.  By  cultivation, 
we  mean  a  repeated  digging,  hoeing,  or  forking  of  the 
earth  around  the  plants,  by  which  the  surface  is  kept  open, 
and  enabled  freely  to  receive  the  dew,  rain,  and  air,  with 
its  fertilizing-  gases.  Plants  so  treated  will  suffer  far  less 
in  a  drought  than  if  the  soil  had  been  left  undisturbed; 
for  not  only  will  it  now  absorb  the  dew  at  night,  but  it 
will  freely  permit  the  moisture  which  always  exists  at 


90  CULTUEE   OP   THE   ROSE. 

certain  depths  below  the  surface  to  rise,  and  benefit  the 
thirsty  roots.  ,  For  a  similar  reason,  the  process  of  sub- 
soiling,  or  trenching,  by  which  the  earth  is  loosened  and 
stirred  to  a  great  depth,  is  exceedingly  beneficial  to  roses, 
since  the  lower  portions  of  the  disturbed  soil  are  a  maga- 
zine of  moisture  which  the  severest  drought  cannot 
exhaust. 

With  newly-planted  roses  it  is  well  to  practise  "  mulch- 
ing "  with  manure  ;  or,  in  other  words,  to  place  manure  on 
the  surface  around  the  roots  of  the  plants.  This  keeps  the 
ground  moist  and  open,  while  every  rain  washes  down  a 
portion  of  nutriment  to  the  roots. 


Roses  may  be  planted  in  clumps,  on  the  lawn,  with  far 
better  effect  than  when  arranged  in  formal  beds.  They 
may  be  separated  according  to  their  classes,  as  June  roses, 
Bourbons,  Hybrid  Perpetuals,  Mosses,  &c.  ;  and  the  effect 
will  be  vastly  better,  if,  instead  of  mingling  colors  indis- 
criminately, each  is  placed  by  itself.  Thus  the  pure  white 
of  Madame  Plantier  will  form  a  rich  contrast  with  the 
deep  crimson  of  General  Jacqueminot,  the  vivid  rose  of 


CULTURE   OP  THE  ROSE. 


91 


Jules  Margottin,  the  clear  flesh-color  of  Ville  de  Bruxelles, 
and  the  pale  rose  of  Baronne  Prevost,  each  massed  by 
itself;  while  all  these  varied  hues  are  beautifully  relieved 
by  the  fresh  green  of  a  well-kept  lawn  with  its  surround- 
ing trees  and  shrubbery. 


LIKE  ALL  things  living,  in  the  world  of  mind  or 
of  matter,  the  rose  is  beautified,  enlarged,  and  strength- 
ened by  a  course  of  judicious  and  persevering  culture, 
continued  through  successive  generations.  The  art  of  hor- 
ticulture is  no  leveller.  Its  triumphs  are  achieved  by  rigid 
systems  of  selection  and  rejection,  founded  always  on  the 
broad  basis  of  intrinsic  worth.  The  good  cultivator  propa- 
gates no  plants  but  the  best.  He  carefully  chooses  those 
marked  out  by  conspicuous  merit ;  protects  them  from  the 
pollen  of  inferior  sorts ;  intermarries  them,  perhaps,  with 
other  varieties  of  equal  vigor  and  beauty ;  saves  their  seed, 
and  raises  from  it  another  generation.  From  the  new 

95 


96  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE    ROSE. 

plants  thus  obtained  he  again  chooses  the  best,  and  re- 
peats with  them  the  same  process.  Thus  the  rose  and 
other  plants  are  brought  slowly  to  their  perfect  develop- 
ment. It  is  in  vain  to  look  for  much  improvement  by  mere- 
ly cultivating  one  individual.  Culture  alone  will  not  make 
a  single  rose  double,  or  a  dull  rose  brilliant.  "We  cultivate 
the  parent,  and  look  for  our  reward  in  the  offspring. 

The  village  maiden  has  a  beauty  and  a  charm  of  her 
own ;  and  so  has  her  counterpart  in  the  floral  world, — the 
wild  rose  that  grows  by  the  roadside.  Transplanted  to 
the  garden,  and,  with  its  offspring  after  it  to  the  fourth 
and  fifth  generation,  made  an  object  of  skilful  culture,  it 
reaches  at  last  a  wonderful  development.  The  flowers 
which  in  the  ancestress  were  single  and  small  become 
double  in  the  offspring,  and  expand  their  countless  petals 
to  the  sun  in  'all  the  majesty  of  the  Queen  of  Flowers. 
The  village  maid  has  risen  to  regal  state.  She  has  lost 
her  native  virgin  charm ;  but  she  sits  throned  and  crowned 
in  imperial  beauty. 

Now,  all  the  roses  of  our  gardens  have  some  wild  an- 
cestress of  the  woods  and  meadows,  from  whom,  in  the 
process  of  successive  generations,  their  beauties  have  been 
developed,  sometimes  by  happy  accidents,  but  often  er  by 
design.  Thus  have  arisen  families  of  roses,  each  marked 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  97 

with  traces  of  its  parentage.  These  are  the  patricians  of 
the  floral  commonwealth,  gifted  at  once  with  fame,  beau- 
ty, and  rank. 

The  various  wild  roses  differ  greatly  in  their  capacity 
of  improvement  and  development.  In  some  cases,  the  off- 
spring grow  rapidly,  in  color,  fulness,  and  size,  with  every 
successive  generation.  In  other  cases,  they  will  not  im- 
prove at  all ;  and  the  rose  remains  a  wild  rose  still,  good 
only  for  the  roadside.  With  others  yet,  there  seems  to  be 
a  fixed  limit,  which  is  soon  reached,  and  where  improve- 
ment stops.  It  requires,  even  with  the  best,  good  culture 
and  selection  through  several  generations  before  the  high- 
est result  appears.  In  horticulture,  an  element  of  stability 
is  essential  to  progress.  When  the  florist  sees  in  any  rose 
a  quality  which  he  wishes  to  develop  and  perfect,  he  does 
not  look  for  success  to  the  plant  before  him,  but  to  the 
offspring  which  he  produces  from  this  plant.  But  this 
production  and  culture  must  be  conducted  wisely  and 
skilfully,  or  the  offspring  will  degenerate  instead  of  im- 
proving. 

There  are  different  kinds  of  culture,  with  different 
effects.  That  which  is  founded  in  the  laws  of  Nature,  and 
aims  at  a  universal  development,  produces  for  its  result 

not    only    increased    beauty,  but    increased    symmetry, 
7 


98  DESCBIPTION  OF  THE   ROSE. 

strength,  and  vitality.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  in  the 
power  of  the  skilful  florist  to  develop  or  to  repress  what- 
ever quality  he  may  please.  By  artificial  processes  of 
culture,  roses  have  been  produced,  beautiful  in  form  and 
color,  but  so  small,  that  the  whole  plant,  it  is  said,  might 
be  covered  with  an  egg-shell.  These  are  results  of  the 
ingenious  florists  of  China  and  Japan.  The  culture  that 
refines  without  invigorating,  belongs,  it  seems,  to  a  par- 
tial or  perverted  civilization. 

These  several  families  of  roses,  resulting  from  the  devel- 
opment of  the  several  species  of  wild  rose,  have  mingled 
together;  in  other  words,  they  have  intermarried:  for 
Linna3us  has  shown  that  M  the  loves  of  the  flowers "  are 
more  than  a  conceit  of  poetical  fancy.  From  the  fertiliza- 
tion of  the  flowers  of  a  rose  of  one  family  with  the  pollen 
of  a  rose  of  another  family  arises  a  mixed  offspring,  called 
hybrids.  Seeds  —  which  are  vegetable  eggs  —  are  first 
produced ;  and  these  seeds  germinate,  or  hatch,  into  a 
brood  of  young  plants,  combining  in  some  degree  the 
qualities  of  their  parents.  As  this  process  of  intermixture 
may  be  carried  on  indefinitely,  a  vast  number  of  new  vari- 
eties has  resulted  from  it. 

The  botanical  classification  of  the  rose  is  a  perplexity  to 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  99 

botanists.  Its  garden  classification  —  quite  another  mat- 
ter—  is  no  less  a  source  of  embarrassment  to  its  amateur, 
not  to  say  professional,  cultivator.  To  many,  indeed,  its 
entire  nomenclature  is  a  labyrinth  of  confusion ;  and  some 
have  gone  to  the  length  of  proposing  to  abolish  distinc- 
tions, which,  in  their  eyes,  seem  arbitrary  or  fanciful.  These 
distinctions,  however,  are  founded  in  Xature,  though  the 
superstructure  built  upon  her  is  sometimes  flimsy  enough 
to  justify  the  impatience  of  its  assailants.  The  chief  diffi- 
culty arises  from  the  extent  to  which  the  hybridization 
of  the  rose  has  been  carried,  and  the  vast  entanglement  of 
combinations  which  has  resulted.  Out  of  a  propensity  to 
classify,  where,  in  the  nature  of  things,  precise  classification 
is  impossible,  has  arisen  the  equivocal  and  shadowy  char- 
acter of  many  of  the  nominal  distinctions. 

Omitting  less  important  divisions,  the  following  are  the 
groups  into  which  cultivated  roses  are  ordinarily  divided: 
The  Provence,*  the  Moss,*  the  French,*  the  Hybrid  China, 
the  Damask,*  the  Alba,*  the  Austrian  Brier,*  the  Sweet- 
brier,*  the  Scotch,*  the  Double  Yellow,*  the  Ayrshire,* 
the  Sempervirens,*  the  Multiflora,*  the  Boursault,*  the 
Banksia,*  the  Prairie.*  These  bloom  once  in  the  season. 
The  following  are  perpetual  or  remontant:  The  China,* 


100  DESCRIPTION   OP   THE   ROSE. 

the  Tea,*  the  Bourbon,  the  Hybrid  Perpetual,  the  Perpet- 
ual Moss,  the  Damask  Perpetual,*  the  Noisette,  the 
Musk,*  the  Macartney,*  the  Microphylla,* 

Some  of  the  above  are  marked  with  a  star*:  these  are 
roses  of  pure  blood.  The  rest  are  roses  of  mixed  or  hybrid 
origin.  By  the  former  are  meant  those  which  have  sprung, 
without  intermixture,  from  the  wild  roses  which  grew 

naturally  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  and  which  are  the 

* 

only  roses  of  which  the  botanical  classifier  takes  cogni- 
zance. Many  of  them  are  of  great  beauty,  and  would  be 
highly  prized  for  ornamental  uses,  were  they  not  eclipsed 
by  the  more  splendid  double  varieties,  which  the  industry 
of  the  florist  has  developed  from  them.  Each  of  these 
groups  of  unmixed  roses,  however  modified  in  form,  size, 
or  color,  retains,  as  already  mentioned,  distinctive  features 
of  the  native  type  from  which  it  sprang.  Yet  it  often 
happens  that  the  name  is  misapplied.  Thus  a  rose  called 
Damask  is  not  always  a  Damask,  but  a  hybrid  between 
a  Damask  and  some  other  variety.  The  true  distinctive 
features  of  the  group  are  thus  rendered,  in  some  nominal 
members  of  it,  so  faint,  that  they  can  scarcely  be  recog- 
nized. Leaving  these  bastards  out  of  view,  we  will  con- 
sider at  present  only  the  legitimate  offspring  of  the  various 
families  of  the  rose. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE  EOSE.  101 

On  Mount  Caucasus  grows  a  single  wild  rose,  from  the 
seeds  of  which  have  sprung  the  numerous  family  of  the 
Provence  or  Cabbage  roses,  very  double,  very  large,  and 
very  fragrant.  This  race  is  remarkable  for  its  tendency 
to  sport,  from  which  have  resulted  some  of  the  most  sin- 
gular and  beautiful  forms  of  the  rose.  For  example,  a 
rose-colored  variety  of  the  Provence  produced  a  branch 
bearing  striped  flowers,  and  from  that  branch  has  been 
propagated  the  Striped  Provence.  The  Crested  Moss  is 
the  product  of  another  of  these  freaks,  being  of  the  pure 
Provence  race.  The  Common  Moss,  and  all  its  progeny, 
have  the  same  origin;  being  derived,  in  all  probability, 
from  a  sporting  branch  of  one  of  the  Provence  roses. 

The  family  of  the  French  Rose,  or  Rosa  Gallica,  is  of 
vast  extent,  and,  though  including  many  diverse  shades 
of  color, —  some  pale,  some  bright,  others  spotted,  striped, 
or  marbled,  —  is  commonly  recognized  without  much  diffi- 
culty by  its  family  features.  It  is  a  native  of  Southern 
Europe. 

The  wild  progenitor  of  the  Damask  or  Damascus  roses 
is  a  native  of  Syria.  The  name  Damask,  by  the  way,  is 
popularly  applied  to  deep-colored  roses  in  general ;  but  its 
floral  signification  is  very  different.  In  this  group,  for  the 
first  time,  we  meet  with  a  feature,  which,  desirable  as  it  is, 


102  DESCRIPTION  OF   THE   ROSE. 

was  not  many  years  since  regarded  as  rare  and  exceptional. 
June  has  always  been  regarded  as  the  month  of  the  rose ; 
but  some  of  the  Damasks  have  the  peculiarity  of  blooming 
twice,  or  more  than  twice,  during  the  season.  These  have 
been  placed  in  a  group  by  themselves,  and  christened 
Damask  Perpetuate.  The  remontant  character,  however, 
is  not  confined  to  them ;  for  individual  plants  belonging 
to  groups  and  varieties  which  usually  bloom  but  once 
will  sometimes  display,  an  autumnal  bloom.  Thus  the 
common  wild  rose  of  New  England  is  now  and  then  to  be 
seen  covered  with  flowers  in  September ;  and  there  is  little 
doubt,  that,  from  the  seeds  of  these  twice-blooming  individ- 
uals, a  new  race  of  hardy  remontant  roses  might  be  pro- 
duced. It  should  be  added,  that  many  of  the  so-called 
Damask  Perpetuals  are  not  pure  Damask,  but  crossed 
with  the  blood  of  other  families. 

Of  the  remaining  races  of  pure  blood,  the  Alba  is 
remarkable  for  the  delicate  coloring  of  its  flowers ;  the 
greater  part  being,  as  the  name  imports,  white,  or  nearly 
so.  The  original  variety  grows  wild  in  Central  Europe. 

The  Austrian  Brier  is  another  family,  of  features  very 
strongly  marked.  Yellow  and  copper  are  its  prevailing 
colors ;  and  from  its  habit  of  growth,  and  the  color  of  its 
twigs,  it  is  easily  recognized  under  all  its  forms.  Its  origi- 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ROSE.  103 

nal  types  are  natives  of  the  south  of  Europe,  and  probably 
of  Persia ;  to  which  country  we  owe  its  finest  develop- 
ment, —  the  well-known  Persian  Yellow. 

The  Double  Yellow  Rose,  Rosa  Sulphurea,  remarkable 
for  its  beauty,  and,  in  our  climate,  notorious  for  its  intracta- 
ble and  uncertain  character,  is  regarded  by  some  botanists 
as  belonging  to  a  group  distinct  from  the  preceding.  The 
Single  Yellow,  from  which  it  must  have  sprung,  has  been 
found  wild  in  the  north  of  India. 

The  Sweet-brier,  found  wild  in  various  parts  of  the 
world,  is  too  well  known  to  need  further  notice.  The 
American  variety  differs  distinctly  from  the  European. 

The  Scotch  roses  owe  their  origin  to  the  dwarf  wild 
rose  of  Scotland.  The  Ayrshire  is  a  family  of  climbing 
roses,  originating  from  the  wild  trailing  rose,  Rosa  Arven- 
sis,  common  in  the  British  -islands.  The  best  of  them  are 
said,  however,  to  be  hybrids  between  this  rose  and  other 
species.  The  Boursault  roses  are  descendants  of  Rosa 
Alpina,  a  native  of  the  Alps ;  and  no  family  is  more  clearly 
marked  by  distinctive  features.  The  Sempervirens  and 
the  Multiflora  are,  with  us  at  least,  less  familiar.  Both  are 
climbers,  like  the  former ;  the  one  originating  from  a  wild 
rose  of  Italy,  the  other  from  a  wild  rose  of  Japan.  The 
Banksia,  with  its  smooth,  shining  leaves,  and  slender,  green 


104  DESCRIPTION  OP  THE  ROSE. 

stems,  is  well  known  in  every  greenhouse.  Its  progenitor 
is  a  native  of  China  or  Tartary,  and  the  improved  varieties 
are  chiefly  due  to  the  labors  of  Chinese  florists. 

There  is  another  race  of  climbers,  held  in  great  scorn  by 
foreign  florists,  but  admirably  adapted  to  our  climate, 
under  whose  influences  they  put  forth  beauties  by  no 
means  contemptible.  These  are  the  progeny  of  the  wild 
Michigan  or  Prairie  Rose,  rampant  growers,  and  generally 
sturdy  enough  to  outface  our  hardest  winters.  The  best 
of  them,  however,  the  Baltimore  Belle,  is  evidently  the 
offspring  of  a  foreign  marriage,  which,  while  contributing 
fragrance  and  beauty  to  the  rugged  race  of  the  prairies, 
has  detracted  something  from  its  hardihood.  The  union, 
probably  accidental,  seems  to  have  been  with  the  Tea  Rose 
or  the  Noisette. 

Of  the  foregoing  groups,  all  except  the  Damask  Perpet- 
ual are  once-blooming.  The  following  have,  to  a  greater 
or  less  extent,  the  desirable  character  of  a  continued  or 
successive  bloom. 

The  Macartney  Rose  is  a  wild  rose  of  China,  from  which 
a  few  improved  varieties  have  been  raised  from  seed.  Its 
evergreen  shining  foliage  is  its  most  attractive  feature. 
The  Microphylla,  or  Small-leaved  Rose,  is  closely  akin  to 
the  Macartney,  and,  like  the  latter,  is  a  native  of  the  East. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE.  105 

The  Musk  is  a  rose  much  more  familiarly  known.  It 
descends  from  a  Persian  or  Syrian  progenitor,  and  its 
vigorous  growth,  rich  clusters  of  bloom,  and  peculiar 
fragrance,  have  long  made  it  a  favorite.  But  by  far  the 
most  interesting  and  valuable  among  the  unmixed  races 
of  ever-blooming  roses  are  the  numberless  offspring  of 
Rosa  Indica,  in  its  several  varieties.  To  it  we  owe  all  the 
China  and  Tea-scented  roses,  while  to  its  foreign  alliances 
we  are  indebted  for  a  vast  and  increasing  host  of  brilliant 
hybrids. 

Thus,  from  the  families  of  pure  blood,  we  come  at  length 
to  those  in  which  is  mingled  that  of  two  or  more  distinct 
races.  Convey  the  pollen  of  a  China  rose  to  the  stigmas 
of  a  French,  Damask,  or  Provence  rose,  and  from  the 
resulting  seed  an  offspring  arises  different  from  either 
parent.  Hence  a  new  group  of  roses  known  as  the  Hybrid 
Chinas.  The  parents  are  both  of  moderate  growth.  The 
offspring  is  usually  of  such  vigor  as  to  form  with  readiness 
a  pillar  eight  feet  high.  Its  foliage  is  distinct,  its  bloom 
often  as  profuse  and  brilliant  as  that  of  the  China,  and  its 
constitution  as  hardy,  or  nearly  so,  as  that  of  the  French 
Rose.  Unlike  the  former,  it  blooms  but  once  in  the  year, 
or  only  in  a  few  exceptional  instances  shows  a  straggling 
autumnal  flower.  By  a  vicious  system  of  subdivision,  the 


106  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE. 

group  has  been  separated  into  Hybrid  China,  Hybrid  Bour- 
bon, and  Hybrid  Noisette.  The  two  latter  are  the  same 
as  the  first :  except,  in  the  one  case,  a  slight  infusion  of  the 
Damask  Perpetual ;  and,  in  the  latter,  of  the  Musk  Rose. 
In  many  cases,  no  human  discernment  could  detect  the 
effects  of  the  admixture. 

Again :  convey  the  pollen  of  the  China  or  Tea  Rose  to 
the  flowers  of  the  Musk,  or  vice  versa  ;  and  for  a  result  we 
obtain  the  Noisette,  inheriting  from  the  former  various 
striking  characteristics  of  foliage  and  bloom,  and  from  the 
latter  its  vigorous  climbing  habit  and  clustering  inflores- 
cence. But,  by  impregnation  through  several  generations, 
some  of  the  Noisettes  retain  so  little  of  their  Musk  parent, 
that  its  traits  are  almost  obliterated:  they  no  longer  bloom 
in  clusters,  and  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  the 
pure  Tea  Rose. 

Again :  a  union  of  a  Damask  Perpetual  with  a  China 
rose  has  produced  a  distinct  race,  of  vigorous  habit  and 
peculiar  foliage,  possessing  in  a  high  degree  the  ever- 
blooming  character  of  both  its  parents.  It  is  hardier  than 
the  China  Rose,  though  usually  unable  to  bear  a  New-Eng- 
land winter  unprotected.  This  is  the  Bourbon  Rose,  a 
brilliant  and  beautiful  group,  worth  all  the  care  which  in 
this  latitude  its  out-door  culture  requires. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  107 

The  Moss  Rose,  impregnated  with  various  ever-blooming 
varieties,  has  borne  hybrids  partially  retaining  the  mossy 
stem  and  calyx,  with  a  tendency  more  or  less  manifest  to 
bloom  in  the  autumn.  Hence  the  group  of  the  Perpetual 
Moss,  a  few  only  of  whose  members  deserve  the  name. 

It  is  evident,  that,  by  continuing  the  process  of  hybrid- 
izing, hybrids  may  be  mixed  with  hybrids,  till  the  blood 
of  half  a  score  of  the  original  races  is  mingled  in  one 
plant.  This,  in  some  cases,  is,  without  doubt,  actually  the 
case;  and  this  bastard  progeny  must,  of  necessity,  be 
classified  rather  by  its  visible  characteristics  than  by  its 
parentage.  Thus  a  host  of  ever-blooming  hybrids,  which 
are  neither  Noisette  nor  Bourbon  nor  Perpetual  Moss, 
have  been  cast  into  one  grand  group,  under  the  compre- 
hensive title  of  Hybrid  Perpetuals.  Whence  have  they 
sprung?  What  has  been  their  parentage  ?  The  question 
is  easier  asked  than  answered :  for  as,  in  a  great  nation  of 
the  West,  one  may  discern  the  lineaments  and  hear  the 
accents  of  diverse  commingled  races ;  so  here  we  may  trace 
the  features  of  many  and  various  families  of  Indian  or 
Siberian,  Chinese  or  European,  extraction.  The  Hybrid 
Perpetuals,  however,  inherit  their  remontant  character 
chiefly  from  Rosa  Indica, —  the  China  or  Tea  Rose, —  and, 
in  a  far  less  degree,  from  the  Damask  Perpetual.  An  infu- 


108  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  ROSE. 

sion  of  the  former  exists,  in  greater  or  less  degree,  in  all 
of  them;  while  the  blood  x>f  the  Damask  Perpetual  shows 
its  traces  in  comparatively  few.  Many  of  the  group  are 
the  results  of  a  union  between  the  Hybrid  China  roses 
and  some  variety  of  the  China  or  Tea.  Others  owe  their 
origin  to  the  Hybrid  China  and  the  Bourbon,  both  parents 
being  hybrids  of  Rosa  Indica.  Others  are  offspring  of  the 
Hybrid  China  crossed  with  the  Damask  Perpetual ;  while 
many  spring  from  intermarriages  within  the  group  itself,  — 
Hybrid  Perpetual  with  Hybrid  Perpetual. 

By  some  over-zealous  classifiers,  this  group  has  been  cut 
up  into  various  subdivisions,  as  Bourbon  Perpetual,  Rose 
de  Rosomene,  and  the  like ;  a  procedure  never  sufficiently 
to  be  deprecated,  as  tending  to  produce  no  results  but  per- 
plexity and  confusion.  Where  there  can  be  no"  definite 
basis  of  division,  it  is  well  to  divide  as  little  as  may  be ; 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  secession  from  the  heterogeneous 
commonwealth  of  the  Hybrid  Perpetuals  will  be  effect- 
ually repressed.  In  regard  to  roses  in  general,  while  a 
classification  founded  on  evident  natural  affinities  is  cer- 
tainly desirable,  yet,  in  the  name  of  common  sense,  let  us 
avoid  the  multiplication  of  new  hybrid  groups,  founded  on 
flimsy  distinctions,  and  christened  with  new  names,  which 
begin  with  meaning  little,  and  end  with  meaning  nothing. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE. 


109 


In  our  enumeration  of  the  families  and  varieties  of  the 
rose,  we  shall  make  two  great  divisions,  —  that  of  the 
"Summer,"  or  once-blooming,  and  that  of  the  "Autum- 
nal," or  "  ever-blooming  "  roses.  In  each  of  these  divis- 
ions, we  shall  place  first  the  roses  of  unmixed  race,  and, 
after  them,  the  hybrids  which  have  sprung  from  their  com- 
binations. 


THESE  ARE  roses  which  bloom  but  once  in  the 
year;  hence  they  have  lost  favor  of  late:  for  superb  families 
of  roses,  fully  equal  in  beauty,  if  not  in  hardiness,  and  en- 
dowed with  an  enviable  power  of  renewing  or  perpetuating 
their  charms,  —  of  smiling  in  October  as  well  as  in  June, 
and  glowing  in  full  effulgence  even  on  the  edge  of  winter, 
—  have  dazzled  us  into  a  forgetfulness  of  our  ancient  fa- 
vorites. 

Yet  all  the  poetry  of  the  rose  belongs  to  these  old 
roses  of  summer.  It  is  they  that  bloomed  in  white 
and  red  in  the  rival  shields  of  York  and  Lancaster; 

and   it   is   they  that,  time    out  of  mind,  have  been  the 
no 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE  ROSE.  Ill 

silent  interpreters  of  hearts  too  full  to  find  a  ruder  utter- 
ance. 

For  the  rest,  they  are,  in  the  main,  very  hardy,  very 
easy  of  culture,  and  often  very  beautiful. 


Hosa  Centifolia. —  This  is  the  family  of  the  old,  well- 
known,  and  deservedly  admired  Cabbage  Rose.  Its  ances- 
tors, as  we  have  seen,  grew  on  Mount  Caucasus ;  though 
some  have  supposed  that  it  is  a  native  of  the  south  of 
France :  hence  the  name  Provence,  by  which  it  is  often 
known  in  England,  though  it  is  never  so  designated  in 
France.  The  French,  translating  its  Latin  name,  Rosa 
Centifolia,  or  the  Hundred-leaved  Rose,  commonly  call 
it  Rose  a  Cent  Feuilles.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been 
known  to  the  Romans,  and  to  have  been  one  of  their 
favorite  roses ;  and  it  was  introduced  into  England  before 
the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  where  at  least,  until 
these  latter  days,  it  has  been  greatly  admired  and  prized. 
Recently,  however,  the  introduction  of  the  families  of 
hardy,  ever-blooming  roses,  has  thrown  the  Cabbage  and 
all  its  compeers  into  the  shade.  Nevertheless,  it  is  one  of 
the  most  desirable  of  flowers ;  and  even  those  who  are  dis- 


112  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   EOSE. 

posed  to  pass  it  by  with  slight  regard  will  never  deny  that 
some  of  the  progeny  which  have  arisen  from  it  are  unsur- 
passed in  beauty  and  attractiveness.  It  is  remarkable 
among  roses  for  the  singular  changes,  in  hoi-ticultural  lan- 
guage called  "  sports,"  which  it  has  assumed,  and  which, 
among  other  results,  have  given  rise  to  the  entire  family 
of  Moss  roses,  of  which  we  shall  speak  in  the  next  section. 
The  prevailing  colors  in  this  group  are  light.  The 
Cabbage  Rose  is  a  somewhat  weak  grower  in  a  heavy  soil, 
though  in  a  light  soil  it  grows  vigorously.  As  a  general 
rule,  it  needs  close  pruning.  The  members  of  the  family 
are  numerous ;  but,  besides  the  Old  Cabbage,  the  following 
are  the  best :  The  DUTCH  PROVENCE  is  remarkable  for  the 
size  of  its  flowers,  in  which  respect  it  even  sui-passes  the 
Old  Cabbage.  The  UNIQUE  PROVENCE  is  probably  a  sport 
from  the  Old  Cabbage ;  that  is  to  say,  an  accidental  varia- 
tion of  the  flowers  on  some  particular  branch;  which  branch 
being  propagated,  the  accidental  features  become  perma- 
nent. The  Unique  Provence,  which  is  pure  white,  has,  in  its 
turn,  produced  another  sport,  called  the  STRIPED  UNIQUE, 
the  flowers  being  white,  striped  with  lake ;  though  they 
are  very  capricious  in  their  coloring,  sometimes  opening 
pure  white,  and  occasionally  light  rose.  But  a  more  re- 
markable sport  of  the  Provence  is  the  variety  called  the 


DESCRIPTION   OP   THE   ROSE.  113 

CEESTED  PROVENCE,  ROSA  CEISTATA,  or,  very  commonly 
among  us,  the  CEESTED  Moss.  It  is  not,  however,  a  true 
Moss,  as  its  stems  are  smooth.  Its  peculiarity  consists  in  a 
curious  and  very  beautiful  mossy  growth  about  the  calyx. 
This  growth  is  developed  in  proportion  to  the  vigor  of  the 
plant :  therefore  it  should  be  strongly  manured  and  closely 
pruned,  as  should  the  whole  race  of  Provence  roses.  ADE- 
LINE, the  Due  DE  CHOISEITL,  the  STADTHOLDEE,  and,  above 
all,  the  REIKE  DE  PROVENCE,  are  beautiful  varieties  of  this 
group.  To  it  also  belong  a  sub-group  of  Miniature  or 
Pompone  roses,  well  suited  for  edging  beds.  They  bloom 
early,  and  are  exceedingly  pretty  and  graceful.  Among 
the  best  of  them  are  the  WHITE  BUBGUNDY,  the  DWAEF 
BURGUNDY,  DE  MEAUX,  and  SPONG. 

The  above  are  all  old  roses ;  for  it  is  rarely  that  a  culti- 
vator of  the  present  day  will  give  himself  the  trouble  to 
raise  new  varieties  of  any  of  the  June  roses,  excepting 
always  the  Mosses,  which  can  never  be  out  of  favor. 


JRosa  Centifolia  M^uscosa.  —  We  have  spoken  of  the 
tendency  of  the  Provence  Rose  to  "sport."  The  most 
widely  known  and  the  most  beautiful  of  the  results  arising 


114  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  ROSE. 

from  this  tendency  is  the  Moss  Rose  and  its  varieties ;  for 
that  such  is  the  true  origin  of  this  unique  family,  there  can 
be  very  little  doubt.  There  is,  however,  no  record  of  the 
first  appearance  of  the  Moss  Rose.  The  original  type  of 
the  race  —  the  Old  Red  Moss  —  was  introduced  into  Eng- 
land as  early  as  1 596.  It  came  immediately  from  Holland, 
but  seems  not  to  have  originated  there:  indeed,  to  this 
day,  we  have  remained  in  doubt  as  to  whence  it  drew  its 
birth.  Of  the  large  number  of  Moss  roses  now  on  the 
lists  of  nursery-men,  somevowe  their  origin  to  sporting 
branches,  others  to  seed.  Of  the  plants  arising  from  the 
seed  of  a  Moss  rose,  not  more  than  one  in  three  will 
show  the  characteristic  of  the  parent;  that  is,  the  "moss:" 
the  rest  will  be  mere  varieties  of  the  Provence  Rose. 
Sometimes  a  Moss  rose  will  put  forth  a  branch  perfectly 
free  from  the  mossy  covering. 

In  cold,  heavy  soils,  Moss  roses  are  somewhat  difficult 
of  cultivation ;  but  in  a  light,  rich  loam,  and  a  sunny  expo- 
sure, free  from  roots  of  growing  trees,  they  thrive  luxuri- 
antly. They  all  require  high  enrichment.  All  excepting 
the  strongest  growers  should  be  closely  pruned ;  and,  hi 
the  Northern  States,  it  is  well  to  give  them  protection  in 
winter  by  means  of  pine-boughs,  or  by  laying  them  down 
like  raspberries. 


DESCRIPTION   OP   THE   ROSE.  115 

Here,  as  in  other  classes  of  the  rose,  the  hybridist  has 
been  at  work.  By  impregnating  Moss  roses  with  the 
pollen  of  some  of  the  ever-blooming  sorts,  a  group  of  Per- 
petual Mosses  has  been  produced.  These  have,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent,  the  ever-blooming  quality ;  but  this 
is  acquired  at  some  sacrifice  of  the  peculiar  beauty  of  the 
moss.  They  will  receive  a  separate  notice.  Again :  these 
roses  have  been  fertilized  with  the  pollen  of  the  Hybrid 
China  Rose ;  and  the  result  is  a  Moss  rose,  remarkably 
vigorous  in  growth,  and  particularly  well  suited  to  form 
pillars.  Any,  however,  of  the  more  vigorous  Mosses  may 
be  used  for  this  purpose,  provided  always  that  they 
receive  the  highest  culture  in  a  warm  and  open  exposure. 
We  have  it  on  the  authority  of  the  well-known  English 
rose-grower,  Mr.  Paul,  that,  in  the  garden  of  an  amateur 
near  Cheshunt,  there  is  a  pillar  of  the  Old  Red  Moss 
fifteen  feet  high ! 

At  the  present  day,  when  the  annual  progeny  of  new 
Perpetual  roses  from  the  nurseries  of  France,  with  a  hum- 
ble re-enforcement  from  those  of  England,  has  eclipsed 
by  numbers  the  old  .garden  favorites,  the  well-remembered 
roses  of  our  infancy,  the  Moss  alone  stands  in  tranquil 
defiance  of  this  gay  tide  of  innovation.  Nothing  can 
eclipse  and  nothing  can  rival  her.  She  is,  and  ever  will 


116  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE. 

be,  the  favorite  of  poetry  and  art ;  and  the  eloquence  of 
her  opening  buds,  half  wrapped  in  their  mossy  envelope, 
will  remain  through  all  generations  a  chosen  interpreter  of 
the  language  of  youth  and  beauty. 

AT/TCP,  LE  ROY  is  a  distinct  and  beautiful  rose,  very 
large,  full,  and  mossy ;  color,  lilac  and  rose ;  form,  cupped : 
it  grows  vigorously.  ANGELIQTJE  QUETIER  is  also  of  a 
rosy-lilac  hue,  large,  very  double,  and  very  mossy:  it  grows 
freely,  like  the  former.  The  BLUSH  Moss  is  of  growth 
somewhat  more  moderate :  the  flower  is  large  and  full,  the 
foliage  fine,  and  stems  and  buds  well  mossed ;  color,  clear 
pale  pink.  CELDTA  is  of  a  deep,  rosy  crimson,  sometimes 
verging  to  purple.  The  COMMON,  or  OLD  Moss,  is  still 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  whole  family.  Its  flowers 
are  large  and  full,  and  of  a  pale  rose-color  and  globular 
form.  It  is  more  abundantly  mossed  than  most  of  its 
progeny;  and  none  of  them  surpass  it,  indeed  very  few 
equal  it,  in  the  beauty  of  its  half-opened  bud.  Its  growth 
is  tolerably  vigorous,  and  foliage  fine.  LANEII  is  a  vigor- 
ous and  beautiful  rose ;  flowers  large,  full,  and  globular ; 
color,  a  light  rosy-crimson.  The  bud.s  are  large,  full,  and 
well  mossed ;  its  growth  is  vigorous ;  and,  under  good  cul- 
tivation, the  whole  plant,  with  its  large  and  bright-green 
foliage,  bears  a  striking  appearance  of  thrift  and  health. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE.  117 

LUXEMBOURG  is  of  a  deep  crimson,  moderately  double,  and 
of  growth  nearly  as  vigorous  as  the  last,  with  which  the 
deep  hue  of  its  buds  forms  a  striking  contrast.  MALVINA 
is  a  good  rose,  with  clusters  of  pink  flowers.  ECLATANTE 
is  of  a  deep  pink,  large,  double,  and  well  mossed.  COM- 
TESSE  DE  MURINAIS  is  one  of  the  best  of  the  White 
Mosses.  Its  flowers,  though  not  so  double  as  the  Old 
Moss,  are  large,  and  of  the  purest  white ;  and  the  growth 
is  very  vigorous.  The  CRIMSON  or  TINWELL  Moss  some- 
what belies  its  name ;  for  its  flowers  are  rather  of  a  deep 
rose  than  crimson.  It  is,  however,  a  beautiful  variety. 
PRIXCESS  ADELAIDE  is  remarkable  for  the  extreme  vigor 
of  its  growth,  and  is  evidently  a  hybrid  of  some  of  the 
Hybrid  Bourbon  or  Hybrid  China  roses.  It  is  admirably 
suited  for  a  pillar  or  a  wall,  but  requires  a  full  sun,  and,  if 
closely  pruned,  will  not  bloom  at  all.  It  blooms  in  large 
clusters :  the  flowers  are  of  a  light  glossy  rose,  very  large 
and  full ;  and,  if  not  too  closely  pruned,  they  are  very 
abundant.  The  WHITE  BATH  is  an  admirable  White 
Moss,  large  and  full  in  flower,  and  exquisite  in  bud.  As  it 
is  of  moderate  growth,  it  will  bear  close  pruning.  PRO- 
LIFIC is  a  very  beautiful  variety,  resembling  the  Old  Moss. 
BARONTSTE  DE  WASSENAEK  is  a  very  vigorous  rose,  of  a 
bright  red,  and  flowering  in  clusters.  CAPTAIN  INGRAM 


118  DESCRIPTION  OP  THE   ROSE. 

is  of  a  dark,  velvety  purple.  GLOIRE  DBS  MOUSSETTSES  is 
very  large  and  double,  and  of  a  blush-color.  ROSA  BON- 
HEUB  is  of  a  bright  rose-color.  NUITS  D'YOUNG  is  of  a 
very  dwarfed  growth,  and  small  deep-purple  flowers. 
VANDAEL  is  purple,  edged  with  lilac. 

The  above  afford  excellent  examples  of  the  various 
characteristics  of  the  family  of  the  Mosses.  Additions  in 
considerable  number  are  still  made  to  it  every  year;  but  it 
is  very  rarely  that  any  decisive  improvement  upon  the  old 
varieties  is  shown  in  the  recent  seedlings. 

"Moss  roses,  when  grown  on  their  own  roots,  require  a 
light  and  rich  soil :  in  such  soils,  they  form  fine  masses  of 
beauty  in  beds  on  lawns.  The  varieties  best  adapted  to 
this  purpose  are  the  Common  Moss,  the  Prolific,  the  Lux- 
embourg, the  Crimson,  and  Lane's  Moss.  Plants  of  these 
are  procurable  at  a  moderate  price ;  and,  by  pegging  down 
their  shoots  with  hooked  sticks,  the  surface  of  the  bed  will 
be  covered  with  a  mass  of  foliage  and  flowers.  They  re- 
quire the  same  severe  pruning  as  the  Provence  Rose.  To 
have  a  succession  of  flowers  on  the  same  bed,  half  of  the 
shoots  may  be  shortened  in  March,  the  remainder  the  be- 
ginning of  May,  pruning  closely  as  recommended  for  the 
Provence  roses.  By  this  method,  the  blooming  season 
may  be  prolonged  from  a  fortnight  to  three  weeks.  They 
should  have  an  abundant  annual  dressing  of  manure  on 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   ROSE.  119 

the  surface  in  November,  and  the  bed  lightly  stirred  with 
the  fork  in  February.  .  .  . 

"  To  raise  Moss  roses  from  seed  is  a  most  interesting 
employment  for  the  genuine  rose  amateur ;  such  a  pleasing 
field  is  open,  and  so  much  may  yet  be  done.  The  follow- 
ing directions  will,  I  hope,  assist  those  who  have  leisure, 
perseverance,  and  love  for  this  charming  flower.  A  plant 
of  the  Luxembourg  Moss,  or  one  of  the  Celina  Moss,  and 
one  of  the  Single  Crimson  Moss,  should  be  planted  against 
a  south  wall,  close  to  each  other,  so  that  their  branches 
may  be  mingled.  In  bright,  calm,  sunny  mornings,  in 
June,  about  ten  o'clock,  those  flowers  that  are  expanded 
should  be  examined  by  pressing  the  fingers  on  the  anthers. 
It  will  then  be  found  if  the  pollen  be  abundant :  if  so,  a 
flower  of  the  former  should  be  shaken  over  the  latter;  or, 
what  perhaps  is  better,  its  flower-stalks  should  be  fastened 
to  the  wall,  so  that  the  flower  will  be  kept  in  an  erect 
position.  Then  cut  a  flower  of  the  Luxembourg  Moss,  strip 
off  its  petals  with  a  sharp  pair  of  scissors,  and  place  the 
anthers  firmly,  but  gently,  upon  a  flower  of  the  Single 
Crimson,  so  that  the  anthers  of  each  are  entangled :  they 
will  keep  it  in  its  position :  a  stiff  breeze  will  then  scarcely 
remove  it.  The  fertilizing  will  take  place  without  further 
trouble,  and  a  fine  hip  full  of  seed  will  be  the  result.  To 
obtain  seed  from  the  Luxembourg  Moss,  I  need  scarcely 
say  that  this  operation  must  be  reversed.  A  wall  is  not 
always  necessary  to  ripen  seed ;  for  in  dry  soils,  and  airy, 


120  DESCRIPTION   OF   THE  ROSE. 

exposed  situations,  the  above  Moss  roses  bear  seed  in 
tolerable  abundance.  The  treatment  of  the  hips,  sowing 
the  seed,  and  the  management  of  the  young  plants,  as 
applicable  to  all,  has  already  been  given."  —  Rivers. 


Rosa,  Datnascena.  —  Any  deeply  colored  rose  is  popu- 
larly called  a  Damask  ;  but  the  true  Damask  —  the  rose 
of  Damascus  —  is  of  various  shades,  from  the  darkest  to 
the  lightest.  All  these  varieties  have  sprung  from  one 
origin,  —  the  wild  rose  of  Syria,  which  was  introduced  into 
England  in  the  year  1573,  or,  according  to  some  writers, 
much  earlier.  It  is  this  rose  from  which  is  made  the  rose- 
water  of  the  East,  and  on  this  the  Eastern  poets  and  their 
"Western  imitators  have  lavished  the  wealth  of  their  fancy. 
In  poetry,  indeed,  the  Damask  Rose  has  woven  more  gar- 
lands than  the  Moss,  ^"or  is  it  unknown  to  history,  since 
the  five  hundred  camel-loads  of  rose-water  with  which  the 
Sultan  Saladin  purified  the  Mosque  of  Omar  after  it  had 
been  used  as  a  Christian  church  were  doubtless  distilled 
from  its  leaves.  But,  without  falling  into  an  anachronism, 
it  is  hardly  possible  to  claim  for  it,  as  some  have  done,  the 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  121 

honor  of  having  been  the  renowned  Red  Rose  of  Lan- 
caster. 

Both  the  Damask  and  the  Provence  roses  are  extensively 
cultivated  in  France  and  England  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 
ing rose-water. 

The  Damask  is  very  hardy,  vigorous  of  growth,  and 
abundant  in  bloom.  Its  shoots  are  full  of  spines,  and  its 
leaves  of  a  light  green.  Its  old  original  varieties  are 
wholly  eclipsed  by  those  which  the  industry  of  the  florist 
has  produced  from  their  seed.  The  following  are  among 
the  best  of  these:  — 

LA  VILLE  DE  BKUXELLES  is  a  very  beautiful  rose,  of 
delicate  waxy  tint  and  vigorous  growth.  MADAME  STOLTZ 
is  of  a  pale  straw  or  lemon  color.  MADAME  SOETMANS 
is  of  delicate  cream-color,  tinged  with  buff.  MADAME 
HARDY  is  a  large  and  very  full  rose  of  the  purest  white. 
It  has  but  one  fault,  —  that  of  sometimes  showing  a  green 
bud  in  the  centre.  But  for  this,  it  would  be  almost  unri- 
valled among  white  roses.  LEDA  is  of  a  blush  tint,  edged 
with  lake. 

There  are  but  few  new  varieties  of  this  family,  as  the 
double  sorts  do  not  bear  seed  freely. 


122  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE. 


Rosa  u4$a.— The  parent  of  the  Alba,  or  White  roses, 
is  a  native  of  Central  Europe.  The  species  is  so  called 
from  the  prevailing  delicacy  of  hue  in  its  varieties,  many 
of  which  are  of  a  pure  white,  while  none  are  of  a  deeper 
coloring  than  a  bright  pink.  The  original  stock  is  spine- 
less ;  but  many  of  its  progeny,  in  consequence,  probably, 
of  hybridization,  have  spines  in  greater  or.  less  number. 
The  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  has  a  glaucous  or  whitish 
tinge,  and  the  shoots  are  of  a  clear  green. 

FELICITE  is  a  large  double  rose,  of  a  delicate  flesh-color, 
and  a  most  symmetrical  shape.  LA  SEDTTISANTE  is  of  a 
bright  rose  in  the  centre,  shading  into  flesh-color  at  the 
circumference:  it  rivals  the  last  in  the  perfection  of  its 
shape.  MADAME  AUDOT  is  of  a  pale  flesh-color.  MADAME 
LEGRAS  is  a  Avhite  rose  of  a  peculiar  delicacy,  and  very 
graceful  in  its  habit  of  growth.  THE  QUEEN  OF  DEX- 
MAKK  is  of  a  clear  rosy  pink.  SOPHIE  DE  MAKSILLY  is 
of  a  delicate  rose-color,  slightly  mottled,  and,  when  half 
opened,  is  a  rose  of  remarkable  beauty. 

The  Alba  roses  bloom  abundantly,  and  form  in  masses  a 
beautiful  contrast,  in  their  chaste  and  delicate  hues,  with 


DESCRIPTION   OP  THE  EOSE.  123 

the  deeper  colors  of  the  French  and  Hybrid  China  roses. 
They  rarely  bear  seed  freely. 


Rosa  Gallica.  —  This  rose  draws  its  origin  from  the 
south  of  Europe,  where  its  wild  progenitor  still  grows 
abundantly  in  the  hedges.  It  is  one  of  the  best  known, 
and  longest  under  cultivation,  of  all  the  species.  We 
confess  our  strong  partiality  for  it.  It  is  perfectly  hardy, 
compact  in  growth,  abundant  in  bloom,  beautiful  in  form, 
and  rich  and  various  in  coloring.  It  will  grow  and  bloom 
anywhere,  and  endufes  neglect  with  a  patience  unknown  to 
most  others  of  its  race.  Yet  none  better  rewards  a  care- 
ful and  generous  culture.  It  returns  a  rich  response  to 
the  care  bestowed  upon  it;  and,  under  high  cultivation,  the 
members  of  this  group  have  no  superiors  in  beauty.  It  is 
not,  however,  in  favor  at  the  present  day.  Roses  of  equal 
beauty,  though^  not  of  equal  hardihood,  and  endowed 
with  the  one  valuable  quality  in  which  it  is  wanting, — 
that  of  continuous  or  repeated  blooming,  —  have,  of  late, 
supplanted  it.  We  may  as  well  say  here,  while  protesting 
against  the  neglect  into  which  the  hardy  June  roses  have 
fallen,  that,  of  the  so-called  Perpetuals,  a  great  many 


124  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE    ROSE. 

are  undeserving  of  the  name.  Some,  even  with  tolerably 
good  treatment,  rarely  show  a  flower  after  the  June 
blooming;  and  none  will  put  forth  freely  and  abundantly 
in  autumn,  without  more  pains  in  the  management  than 
most  pereons  are  willing  to  bestow. 

The  French  Rose  has  been  known  in  England  since  the 
close  of  the  sixteenth  century.  It  is  very  prolific,  and 
innumerable  seedlings  have  been  raised  from  it.  Some  of 
these  produce  flowers  exceedingly  double,  of  the  most 
vivid  color,  and  remarkable  even  now  for  the  symmetry 
of  their  forms.  Among  the  rest  is  a  great  variety  of  mar- 
bled, striped,  and  spotted  roses,  which,  though  curious  and 
interesting,  are  certainly  less  beautiful  than  the  "self- 
colored"  sorts. 

The  varieties  of  this  rose  foi-merly  catalogued  and  culti- 
vated might  be  numbered  by  hundreds.  Of  these,  it  is 
needless  to  mention  any  but  a  few  of  the  best  and  most 
distinct. 

BOULA  DE  NANTETJIL  is  a  rose  of  the  richest  crimson- 
purple,  with  a  centre,  at  times,  of  a  vivid  red.  It  varies, 
however,  very  much  in  different  seasons,  and,  while  some- 
times splendid  in  coloring,  is  occasionally  dull  and  cloudy. 
GRANDISSIMA  is  of  a  deep  purplish-rose,  veiy  large  and 
double.  KEAX  closely  resembles  it.  ADELE  PREVOST  is 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    ROSE.  125 

of  a  silvery  blush.  BLANCHEFLEUR  is  white,  with  a  tinge 
of  flesh-color.  CYNTHIA  is  of  a  pale  rose.  THE  DUCHESS 
OF  BUCCLEUGH  is  of  a  dark  rose.  OHL  is  of  a  deep  crim- 
son and  scarlet,  and,  when  grown  in  perfection,  is  one  of 

the  finest  roses  in  existence.    LA  REINE  DES  FBANCAIS  is 

* 

also  of  a  bright  crimson.  PEELE  DES  PANACHEES  is  white, 
striped  with  rose ;  and  (BILLET  PAEFAIT  is  white,  striped 
with  light  crimson,  much  like  a  carnation.  D'AGUESSEAU, 
GLOIBE  DE  COLMAB,  LATOTJE  D'AUVEBGNE,  TBIOMPHE 
DE  JAUSSENS,  LETITIA,  NAPOLEON,  Due  DE  VALMT,  and 
TBANSON  GOUBAULT,  are  all  excellent  roses  of  this  family. 

"  To  grow  them  fine  for  exhibition,  as  single  blooms  or 
'  show-roses,'  the  clusters  of  buds  should  be  thinned  early 
in  June,  taking  at  least  two-thirds  of  the  incipient  flowers 
from  each :  manure  should  also  be  laid  round  their  stems 
on  the  surface,  and  manure-water  given  to  them  plentifully 
in  dry  weather.  With  this  description  of  ciilture,  these 
roses  will  much  surpass  any  thing  we  have  yet  seen  in  this 
country. 

"Although  the  varieties  of  this  group  are  summer  roses 
only,  their  period  of  flowering  may  be  prolonged  by  judi- 
cious pruning;  and  for  this  purpose  two  trees  of  each  variety 
should  be  planted,  one  to  be  pruned  in  October,  the  other 
early  in  May,  or  just  when  the  buds  have  burst  into  leaf: 
these  will  give  a  regular  succession  of  flowers.  In  pruning, 


126  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   ROSE. 

cut  out  with  a  sharp  knife  all  the  spray-like  shoots,  and 
then  shorten  to  within  six  or  eight  buds  of  their  base  all 
the  strong  shoots  (by  such  I  mean  those  that  are  above 
fifteen  inches  in  length)  :  the  weak  shoots  cut  down  to  two 
or  three  buds.  This  is  the  pruning  required  by  the  Alba, 
Damask,  and  Hybrid  Provence  roses.  .  .  . 

"To  raise  French  roses  from  seed,  they  should  be  planted 
in  a  warm,  dry  boi-der  sloping  to  the  south,  in  an  open, 
airy  situation :  the  shade  of  trees  is  very  pernicious  to 
seed-bearing  roses.  The  following  kinds  *  may  be  selected, 
as  they  bear  seed  freely :  The  Tuscany  Rose,  a  very  old 
variety,  with  rich,  deep  crimson,  semi-double  flowers ;  also 
Ohl  and  Latour  d'Auvergne.  The  two  latter  should  have 
their  flowers  fertilized  with  the  pollen  of  the  Tuscany  Rose, 
and  some  fine  crimson  roses  will  probably  be  raised.  The 
Village  Maid  and  CEillet  Parfait  are  the  most  eligible  to 
raise  striped  roses  from :  if  their  flowers  are  deficient  in 
pollen,  they  should  be  fertilized  with  those  of  Rosa 
Mundi."  —  Rivers. 


Rosa  Indica  Hybrida.  —  This  class  has  been  divided 
by  some  writers  into  three ;   viz.,  Hybrid  China,  Hybrid 

*  Some  of  the  roses  recommended  for  seed-bearing  are  old  varieties, 
which  may  be  procured  from  any  old-fashioned  English  rose-nursery. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE.  127 

Noisette,  and  Hybrid  Bourbon.  The  division  seems  to  us 
needless,  for  the  reason  that  all  these,  on  analysis,  resolve 
themselves  into  hybrids  of  the  Chinese  Rose,  since  both 
the  Noisette  and  the  Bourbon  owe  their  distinctive  char- 
acter to  their  Chinese  parentage.  The  hybrids  of  the 
Noisettes  are  usually  inclined  to  bloom  in  clusters :  those 
of  the  Bourbons  are  distinguishable  by  their  large,  smooth, 
and  thick  leaves. 

This  class,  then,  may  be  defined  as  the  offspring  of  inter- 
marriage of  the  French  and  other  June  roses  with  the 
Chinese  Rose  and  its  hybrids.  It  has,  however,  none  of 
the  ever-blooming  qualities  which  distinguish  the  China 
roses.  It  is  remarkable,  as  a  class,  for  vigor  of  growth,  in 
which,  strange  as  it  may  appear,  it  surpasses,  in  some  cases, 
.both  its  parents.  Most  of  the  Hybrid  China  roses  are, 
moreover,  perfectly  hardy  even  in  the  climate  of  the  North- 
ern States ;  and  they  are  admirably  adapted  for  forming 
pillars.  For  this  purpose,  they  should  be  planted  in  a  very 
deep  and  rich  soil.  If  the  soil  is  naturally  poor,  dig  it  out 
to  the  width  and  depth  of  three  feet,  and  replace  it  with 
a  mixture  of  strong  loam  and  old  manure.  Some  of  the 
Hybrid  Chinas  thus  generously  treated,  and  trained  and 
pruned  in  the  manner  recommended  in  a  former  chapter, 
will  form  most  gorgeous  decorations  of  a  garden ;  for  in 


128  DESCRIPTION  OP  THE   ROSE. 

the  size  of  the  flowers,  in  beauty  of  form,  and  brilliancy 
of  color,  some  of  the  varieties  are  unsurpassed.  Every 
autumn,  the  surface  of  the  soil  around  the  stem  should  be 
covered  with  manure  to  the  depth  of  several  inches ;  and 
this  should  be  allowed  to  remain  throughout  the  summer, 
renewing  it  as  often  as  necessary,  after  a  previous  forking- 
up  of  the  soil,  which  this  covering  or  "  mulching  "  enriches, 
at  the  same  time  that  it  keeps  it  moist  and  cool. 

The  following  are  among  the  best  of  this  family  of 
roses:  BEAUTY  OF  BILLIARD,  of  vigorous  growth,  and 
bright-scarlet  and  crimson  flowers.  BRENNTJS,  or  BRUTUS, 
is  a  superb  rose,  of  great  size,  and  strong,  rapid  growth. 
BLAIRII,  No.  2,  is  particularly  adapted  for  a  pillar  rose ;  its 
bloom  being  very  profuse.  The  color  of  its  flowers  is 
pink  or  blush.  GEORGE  THE  FOURTH  is  an  old  rose  raised 
some  forty  years  ago  by  the  excellent  English  cultivator, 
Mr.  Rivers.  Its  bright  crimson  color  and  its  neat  foliage 
make  it  very  attractive,  though  it  is  less  double  than 
some  other  varieties.  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVOXSHIRE  is  of  a 
lilac-color,  striped  with  white,  and  perfect  in  form;  its 
petals  overlapping  with  the  greatest  regularity.  CHARLES 
DUVAL  is  of  a  deep  pink ;  CHARLES  LAWSON,  of  a  vivid 
rose.  CHENEDOLE  is  regarded  by  many  as  the  best  rose  of 
the  class ;  for  its  color  is  the  brightest  and  clearest  crimson, 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  129 

and  its  flowers  are  large  and  very  full.  Inferior  roses, 
however,  are  frequently  sold  under  its  name,  especially  in 
this  country.  COUPE  D'HEBE  is  remarkable  both  for  the 
perfection  of  its  cup-like  form,  and  for  the  delicate  rose- 
color  of  its  petals.  Its  growth  is  very  vigorous;  and, 
like  most  of  its  kindred,  it  is  perfectly  hardy.  GENERAL, 
JACQUEMINOT  is  a  large  purplish-crimson  rose.  It  must 
not  be  confounded  with  the  Hybrid  Perpetual  of  the  same 
name.  FULGEXS  is  of  a  deep  crimson.  TEIOMPHE  DE 
BAYEUX  is  white,  and  an  excellent  pillar-rose.  MADAME 
PLANTLER  is  also  white,  but  very  distinct  from  the  last; 
for,  as  it  sprang  on  the  mother's  side  from  the  Noisette, 
it  blooms  in  clusters.  Its  individual  flowers  are  surpassed 
by  those  of  one  or  two  other  white  roses ;  but  the  extraor- 
dinary profusion  of  its  bloom,  its  graceful  habit,  its  neat 
foliage,  and  its  hardy,  enduring  nature,  make  it,  on  the 
whole,  the  best  rose  of  its  color  in  cultivation.  PAUL 
PEBRAS  is  Bourbon  on  the  mother's  side,  as  is  also  PAUL 
RICAUT.  The  first  is  of  a  pale  rose,  the  second  of  a  bright 
crimson.  VIVID  is  a  seedling  of  the  English  rose-grower, 
Mr.  William  Paul.  Its  flowers  are  not  large,  but  they  are 
of  the  most  vivid  crimson;  and  the  vigoi-ous  habit  of 
the  plant  makes  it  very  suitable  either  for  a  pillar  or  a 

trellis. 

9 


130  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  EOSE. 

"When  grown  as  large  standards,  these  roses  require 
peculiar  pruning.  If  their  shoots  are  shortened  too  much, 
they  will  grow  vigorously,  but  give  no  flowers.  They 
should,  therefore,  be  thinned  out,  so  that  the  head  of  the 
tree  is  not  at  all  crowded,  and  then  be  shortened  to  within 
twelve  buds  of  their  base :  a  crop  of  fine  flowers  will  then 
be  produced.  This  is  the  pruning  to  be  done  either  in  the 
early  part  of  November  or  in  February :  we  will  call  it  the 
winter  pruning.*  There  is  another  mode  of  pruning  these 
roses,  partly  in  summer,  which  will  be  found  highly  eligi- 
ble. Thin  out  the  shoots  in  the  winter,  and  leave  a  selected 
number  of  those  that  are  most  vigorous  nearly  their  full 
length,  mei-ely  cutting  off  their  tips :  these  will  be  loaded 
with  blossoms  so  as  to  make  the  trees  quife  pendulous. 
As  soon  as  the  blooming  season  is  past,  shorten  them  all 
to  within  six  inches  of  their  base.  They  will  immediately 
put  forth  strong  shoots,  which,  while  in  a  very  young 
state,  thin  out,  leaving  those  that  are  the  most  vigorous. 
These  shoots  treat  in  the  same  manner  the  following  year. 
By  this  method  of  pruning,  a  pendulous,  graceful  head  is 
formed,  instead  of  a  stiff,  formal  one,  so  common  to  stand- 
ard roses.  In  pruning  these  roses,  when  trained  as  pillars, 
the  spurs  from  the  shoots  fastened  to  the  stake  merely 

*  These  directions,  it  will  be  remembered,  are  for  the  climate  of 
England.  The  November  pruning  will  not  do  here;  indeed,  it  will 
require  much  precaution  to  make  even  the  hardy  roses  succeed  as 
standards. 


DESCRIPTION   OP  THE   ROSE.  131 

require  thinning  out,  so  as  not  to  be  crowded,  and  then 
shortened  to  within  five  or  six  buds  of  their  base.  Trained 
as  pillar-roses,  they  give  flowers  often  too  abundantly ;  so 
that  they  are  small  and  ill-shaped :  it  is,  therefore,  often  a 
good  practice  to  thin  the  flower-buds  as  soon  as  they  can 
be  distinguished. 

"  I  shall  now  proceed  to  give  a  list  of  those  roses,  from 
which,  in  combination  with  others,  choice  seedlings  may 
be  raised. 

"The  Duke  of  Devonshire,  in  a  very  warm  and  dry  soil, 
will  produce  Kips  in  tolerable  abundance;  and,  as  it  is 
inclined  to  be  striped,  it  would  possibly  form  a  beautiful 
combination  with  some  striped  rose,  which  should  be 
planted  with  it. 

"  Rjego,  which  partakes  of  the  Sweet-brier,  might  be 
made  the  parent  of  some  beautiful  brier-like  roses  by 
planting  it  with  the  Splendid  Sweet-brier. 

"  General  Allard,  a  hybrid  rose,  from  which  Monsieur 
Laflay  raised  his  perpetual  rose,  Madame  Laffay,  is  much 
inclined  to  give  a  second  series  of  flowers.  This  rose 
should  be  planted  in  a  very  warm  border,  or  trained 
against  a  south  wall  with  Bourbon  Gloire  de  Rosomenes ; 
and,  if  carefully  fertilized  with  it,  some  beautiful  crimson 
autumnal  roses  would  probably  be  originated.  Chenedole 
may  also  be  subjected  to  the  same  treatment.  What  a 
fine  autumnal  rose  one  like  it  would  be ! "  —  Rivers. 


132  DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE. 


Rosa  Spinosissima.  —  The  original  Scotch  Rose  is  a 
wild  dwarf  rose,  common  in  Scotland  and  the  north  of 
England.  As  it  bears  seed  in  great  abundance,  as  these 
seeds  vegetate  freely,  and  as  the  Scotch  gardeners  have 
taken  pride  in  multiplying  and  improving  this  native 
growth  of  the  soil,  the  number  of  varieties  is  nominally 
immense.  Many  of  them,  however,  are  scarcely  to  be  dis- 
tinguished the  one  from  the  other.  The  flowers  are  small, 
and  exceedingly  numerous.  They  bloom  earlirr  than 
most  roses,  and  show  various  shades  of  crimson,  rose, 
white,  and  yellow,  or  rather  straw-color;  for  the  yellow 
Scotch  Rose  is  apparently  a  hybrid.  They  are  useful  for 
covering  banks  and  forming  clumps  where  masses  of 
bloom  are  required.  Nothing  can  exceed  their  hardiness, 
and  they  increase  abundantly  by  suckers.  A  list  of  named 
varieties  of  the  Scotch  Rose  would,  from  their  multiplicity, 
and  want  of  distinctness,  be  even  more  unsatisfactory  than 
the  florist's  lists  of  pansies  or  verbenas.  The  following, 
however,  are  good :  — 

LA  NEIGE  is  pure  white,  and  very  double.  GUY  MAX- 
NERING  is  of  a  deep  blush.  SULPHUREA,  LADT  BAILLLE, 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE  EOSE.  133 

and  the  MARCHIONESS  OF  LANSDOWNJE,  are  of  a  pale  straw 
or  sulphur  color.  The  YELLOW  SCOTCH  is  of  a  deeper 
yellow  tint.  FLORA,  DAPHNE,  EREBUS,  VENUS,  and  the 
COUNTESS  OF  GLASGOW,  are  of  deep  shades  of  rose  and 
crimson. 

"  Scotch  roses,  when  grown  into  beds  and  clumps  as 
dwarfs,  are  beautiful;  and  in  early  seasons  they  will  bloom 
nearly  a  fortnight  before  the  other  summer  roses  make 
their  appearance.  This,  of  course,  makes  them  desirable 
appendages  to  the  flower-garden.  They  bear  seed  pro- 
fusely; and  raising  new  varieties  from  seed  will  be  found 
a  most  interesting  employment.  To  do  this,  all  that  is 
required  is  to  sow  the  seed  as  soon  as  ripe,  in  October,  in 
pots  or  beds  of  fine  earth,  covering  it  with  nearly  an  inch 
of  mould:  the  succeeding  spring  they  will  come  up,  and 
bloom  in  perfection  the  season  following. 

"  The  aim  should  be  to  obtain  varieties  with  large  and 
very  double  crimson  flowers:  this  can  only  be  done  by 
slightly  hybridizing;  and  to  effect  this  it  will  be  necessary 
to  have  a  plant  or  two  of  the  Tuscany  Rose  trained  to  a 
south  wall,  so  that  their  flowers  are  expanded  at  the  same 
time  as  the  Scotch  roses  in  the  open  borders :  unless  thus 
forced,  they  will  be  too  late.  Any  dark-red  varieties  of 
the  Scotch  roses,  such  as  Venus,  Erebus,  or  Flora,  should 
be  planted  separately  from  others,  and  their  flowers  fertil- 
ized with  the  above  French  Rose.  Some  very  original 


134  DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    ROSE. 

deep-colored  varieties  will  probably  be  obtained  by  this 
method.  -Sulphurea  and  one  or  two  other  straw-colored 
varieties  may  be  planted  with  the  Double  Yellow  Austrian 
Brier ;  and  most  likely  some  pretty  sulphur-colored,  roses 
will  be  the  result  of  this  combination."  —  Rivers* 


Rosa  Lutea.  —  This  is  a  small  family  of  roses,  very 
distinct  in  all  its  characteristics;  a  native  of  Southern 
Europe  and  of  some  parts  of  the  East.  It  is  seldom 
that  any  seedlings  have  been  obtained  from  it,  as  its 
flowers,  even  in  the  single  varieties,  are  usually  barren. 
They  may,  however,  be  made  productive  by  fertilizing 
them  with  the  pollen  of  other  varieties.  Its  stems 
are  spiny,  and  of  a  reddish  or  brownish  color.  Its 
leaves  are  small,  and  its  growth  somewhat  straggling. 
The  colors  of  its  flowers  are  copper  and  yellow  in 
various  shades.  It  should  not  be  pruned  too  closely; 
but  the  shoots  may  with  great  advantage  be  pinched 
back  in  midsummer,  thus  causing  them  to  throw  out  a 
great  number  of  lateral  shoots,  and  correcting  the  loose 
and  straggling  habit  of  the  bush.  The  bloom,  with  this 
treatment,  is  very  profuse. 


DESCRIPTION   OP  THE    ROSE.  135 

The  best  known  roses  of  this  family  are  five  in  number. 
The  SINGLE  AUSTRIAN  YELLOW  and  the  SINGLE  AUS- 
TRIAN COPPER  may  be  regarded  as  the  original  types  of 
the  species.  WILLIAM'S  DOUBLE  YELLOW  is  an  English 
seedling  of  a  pale-yellow  color.  HARRISON'S  YELLOW  is 
an  excellent  yellow  rose,  originated  in  America.  It  is 
very  vigorous  in  growth,  and,  on  the  whole,  the  best  yel- 
low rose  for  general  cultivation.  The  PERSIAN  YELLOW, 
however,  is  of  a  much  deeper  hue,  and  is  unrivalled  in  its 
way.  It  is  one  of  those  roses  which  are  feeble  on  their 
own  roots,  but  grow  very  vigorously  either  on  the  Dog 
Rose  or  on  the  Manetti  stock.  It  is  said  to  have  origi- 
nated, as  its  name  imports,  from  Persia. 

A  moist  soil,  and  a  dry,  pure  air,  are  essential  to  the 
growth  of  all  this  family  of  roses. 

"  No  family  of  roses  offers  such  an  interesting  field  for 
experiments  in  raising  new  varieties  from  seed  as  this. 
First  we  have  the  Copper  Austrian,  from  which,  although 
it  is  one  of  the  oldest  roses  in  our  gardens,  a  double  flow- 
ering variety  has  never  yet  been  obtained.  This  rose  is 
always  defective  in  pollen ;  and  consequently  it  will  not 
bear  seed  unless  its  flowers  are  fertilized.  As  it  will  be 
interesting  to  retain  the  traits  of  the  species,  it  should  be 
planted  with  and  fertilized  by  the  Double  Yellow  :  it  will 
then,  in  warm,  dry  seasons,  produce  seed,  not  abundantly ; 


136  DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE. 

but  the  amateur  must  rest  satisfied  if  he  can  procure  even 
one  hip-full  of  perfect  seed. 

"  The  beautiful  and  brilliant  Rosa  Harrisonii,  however, 
gives  the  brightest  hopes.  This  should  be  planted  with 
the  Double  Yellow  Brier:  it  will  then  bear  seed  abun- 
dantly. No  rose  will,  perhaps,  show  the  effects  of  fertiliz- 
ing its  flowers  moi-e  plainly  than  this;  and  consequently,  to 
the  amateur,  it  is  the  pleasing  triumph  of  Art  over  Nature. 
Every  flower  on  my  experimental  plants,  not  fertilized, 
proved  abortive ;  while,  on  the  contrary,  all  those  that  were 
so,  produced  large  black  spherical  hips-full  of  perfect  seed. 
The  Persian  Yellow  does  not  seem  inclined  to  bear  seed ; 
but  it  may  be  crossed  with  Rosa  Harrisonii,  and,  I  trust, 
with  some  good  effect."  —  Rivers. 


THE  DOUBLE  YELLOW  ROSE 


Hosa  Sulphurea.  —  This  beautiful  rose  is  difficult  of 
cultivation  both  in  England  and  in  this  country,  though  in 
Italy  and  the  south  of  France  it  grows  and  blooms  luxuri- 
antly. Its  original  species  is  found  growing  wild,  and 
yielding  single  flowers,  on  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  and 
also,  it  is  said,  in  Persia.  Only  two  varieties  are  in  culti- 
vation,—  the  DOUBLE  (called  also  the  YELLOW  PKOV- 
ENCE)  and  the  DWAEF  DOUBLE.  The  climate  of  the 


DESCRIPTION   OP   THE   ROSE.  137 

Southern  and  Middle  States  is  far  more  suitable  to  them 
than  that  of  the  North ;  though  it  is  more  than  probable, 
that,  with  careful  and  judicious  treatment,  they  would  do 
well  even  here.  They  need  a  rich  diet,  and  a  sunny  and 
airy  situation,  to  induce  them  to  expand  their  flower-buds, 
which  are  provokingly  apt  to  fall  before  opening.  They 
are  also  very  liable  to  the  attacks  of  insects.  The  difficulty 
of  the  cultivation  of  this  rose  is  greatly  to  be  lamented, 
since  it  surpasses  even  the  Persian  Yellow  in  beauty. 

"  Various  situations,"  says  Mr.  Rivers,  "have  been  recom- 
mended. Some  have  said,  'Plant  it  against  a  south  wall ;' 
others,  'Give  it  a  northern  aspect,  under  the  drip  of  some 
water-trough,  as  it  requires  a  wet  situation.'  All  this  is 
quackery  and  nonsense.  The  Yellow  Provence  Rose  is  a 
native  of  a  warm  climate,  and  therefore  requires  a  warm 
situation,  a  free  and  airy  exposure,  and  rich  soil :  a  wall 
with  a  south-east  or  north-west  aspect  will  be  found  eligi- 
ble. Give  the  plants  surface-manure  every  autumn,  and 
water  with  manure-water  in  May ;  prune  with  the  finger 
and  thumb  in  summer,  as  recommended  for  the  Persian 
.Yellow* 

"At  Burleigh,  the  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Exeter,  the 
effect  of  situation  on  this  rose  is  forcibly  shown.  A  very 

*  M.  Godefroy,  a  French  nursery-man,  has  cultivated  it  as  a  pillar- 
rose,  in  a  free  and  open  situation,  with  much  success.  Manuring  as 
above,  and  summer  pruning,  are  indispensable. 


138  DESCRIPTION  OF   THE    ROSE. 

old  plant  is  growing  against  the  southern  wall  of  the  man- 
sion, in  a  confined  situation,  its  roots  cramped  by  a  stone 
pavement :  it  is  weakly,  and  never  shows  a  flower-bud.  In 
the  entrance-court  is  another  plant,  growing  in  front  of  a 
low  parapet  wall,  in  a  good  loamy  soil,  and  free,  airy  expo- 
sure :  this  is  in  a  state  of  the  greatest  luxuriance,  and 
blooms  in  fine  perfection  nearly  every  season. 

"  Mr.  Mackintosh,  the  gardener,  who  kindly  pointed  out 
these  plants  to  me,  thought  the  latter  a  distinct  and  supe- 
rior variety,  as  it  was  brought  from  France  by  a  French 
cook  a  few  years  since ;  but  it  is  certainly  nothing  but  the 
genuine  Old  Double  Yellow  Rose. 

"In  unfavorable  soils,  it  will  often  flourish  and  bloom 
freely  if  budded  on  the  Musk  Rose,  the  common  China 
Rose,  or  some  free-growing  hybrid  China  Rose;  but  the 
following  pretty  method  of  culture  I  beg  to  suggest:  Bud 
or  graft  it  on  some  short  stems  of  the  Rosa  Manetti.  In 
the  autumn,  pot  some  of  the  strongest  plants ;  and,  late  in 
spring,  force  them  with  a  gentle  heat,  giving  plenty  of  air. 
It  will  now  also  be  very  interesting  to  plant  trees  of  this 
variety  in  orchard-houses :  this  seems  to  me  to  be  the 
exact  climate  required  by  it.  By  this  method,  the  dry 
and  warm  climate  of  Florence  and  Genoa  may,  perhaps, 
be  partially  imitated ;  for  there  it  blooms  in  such  profu- 
sion, that  large  quantities  of  its  magnificent  flowers  are 
daily  sold  in  the  mai-kets  during  the  rose-season. 

"  The  following  extract  relative  to  this  rose  is  from  the 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    ROSE  139 

quaint  old  book,  '  Flora,  Ceres,  and  Pomona,  by  John  Rea, 
Gent.,  1655,'  showing  that  budding  and  double-budding 
of  roses  and  trees  is  no  new  idea :  '  The  Double  Yellow 
Rose  is  the  most  unapt  of  all  others  to  bear  kindly  and  fair 
flowers,  unless  it  be  ordered  and  looked  unto  in  an  espe- 
cial manner.  For  whereas  all  other  roses  are  best  natural, 
this  is  best  inoculated  upon  another  stock.  Others  thrive 
and  bear  best  in  the  sun,  this  in  the  shade.  Therefore  the 
best  way  that  I  know  to  cause  this  rose  to  bring  forth  fair 
and  kindly  flowers  is  performed  after  this  manner :  First, 
in  the  stock  of  a  Francford  *  Rose,  near  the  ground,  put 
in  a  bud  of  the  Single  Yellow  Rose,  which  will  quickly 
shoot  to  a  good  length ;  then,  half  a  yard  higher  than  the 
place  where  the  same  was  budded,  put  into  it  a  bud  of  the 
Double  Yellow  Rose ;  which  growing,  the  suckers-  must 
be  kept  from  the  root,  and  all  the  buds  rubbed  off,  except 
those  of  the  kind  desired ;  which  being  grown  big  enough  to 
bear  (which  will  be  in  the  two  years),  it  must  in  winter  be 
pruned  very  near,  cutting  ofF  all  the  small  shoots,  and  only 
leaving  the  biggest,  cutting  off  the  tops  of  them  also,  as 
far  as  they  are  small ;  then  in  the  spring,  when  the  buds 
for  leaves  come  forth,  rub  off  the  smallest  of  them,  leaving 
only  some  few  of  the  biggest,  which  by  reason  of  the 
strength  of  the  stock  affording  more  nourishment  than  any 
other,  and  the  agreeable  nature  of  the  Single  Yellow  Rose 

*  This  is  the  Frankfort  Rose,  a  variety  of  Rosa  Gallica,  with  very 
double  flowers,  one  of  our  oldest  garden-roses. 


140  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE    ROSE. 

(from  whence  it  is  immediately  nourished),  the  shoots  will 
be  then  strong,  and  able  to  bear  out  the  flowers  if  they  be 
not  too  many,  which  may  be  prevented  by  nipping  off  the 
smallest  buds  for  flowers,  leaving  only  such  a  number  of 
the  fairest  as  the  tree  may  be  able  to  bring  to  perfection ; 
which  tree  should  stand  something  shadowed,  and  not  too 
much  in  the  heat  of  the  sun,  and  in  a  standard  by  itself, 
rather  than  under  a  wall.  These  rules  being  observed, 
we  may  expect  to  enjoy  the  full  delight  of  these  beautiful 
roses,  as  I  myself  have  often  done  by  my  own  practice  in 
divers  trees  so  handled,  which  have  yearly  borne  store  of 
fair  flowers,  when  those  that  were  natural,  notwithstand- 
ing all  the  helps  I  could  use,  have  not  brought  forth  one 
that  was  kindly,  but  all  of  them  either  broken,  or,  as  it 
were,  blasted.' " 


Rosa  Rubignosa. — This  is  the  Eglantine  of  the  poets, 
celebrated  in  song  by  bards  known  and  unknown  to  fame, 
from  Milton  down  to  the  rustic  rhymer  offering  the  trib- 
ute of  his  untutored  Muse  to  the  charms  of  some  vil- 
lage beauty. 

Nothing  is  easier  than  its  cultivation ;  but,  to  our  mind, 
it  loses  half  its  attraction  when  transplanted  from  its 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  141 

native  road-side  or  thicket  into  the  garden.  From  its 
perfect  hardiness  and  free  growth,  it  is  sometimes  used  as 
a  stock  for  budding  or  grafting.  The  fragrance  of  its 
leaves  readily  distinguishes  it  from  other  species. 

Most  of  the  named  varieties  under  this  head  in  the  cata- 
logues of  nursery-men  are  hybrids ;  sometimes,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  DOUBLE-MARGINED  HIP,  or  MADELINE,  retain- 
ing little  trace  of  the  SWEET-BRIER.  Among  the  best  are 
the  MONSTROUS  SWEET-BRIER,  the  CARMINE,  the  CELES- 
TIAL, the  SPLENDID,  the  SCARLET,  the  ROSE  ANGLE, 
the  ROYAL,  and  the  SUPERB. 


Hosa  Alpina.  —  This  familiar  climbing  rose  is  easily 
known  by  its  long  shoots,  nearly  or  quite  free  from  thorns, 
and  the  reddish  tinge,  shaded  into  green,  which  marks  the 
stems  of  most  of  the  varieties.  Its  parent  is  a  native  of 
the  Alps,  and  it  is  perfectly  hardy.  The  flowers  grow  in 
clusters.  In  the  OLD  RED  BOURSAULT,  they  are  semi- 
double,  and  indifferently  formed ;  but  some  of  the  other 
varieties  show  great  improvements  both  in  shape  and 
color.  They  are  excellent  climbing  or  pillar  roses,  and 
require  less  sun  to  develop  their  flowers  than  most  other 


142  DESCRIPTION   OP  THE  ROSE. 

species.  Like  other  climbing  roses,  they  should  be  pruned 
but  little,  though  the  old  stems  should  be  well  thinned 
out. 

AMADIS,  or  the  CKMSOX  BOUBSAULT,  is  of  a  deep 
purplish-crimson,  with  large  semi-double  flowers.  The 
BLUSH  BOUBSAITLT  is,  in  its  flowers,  larger  and  more  full 
than  most  others  of  the  species.  They  are  of  a  deep  flesh- 
color,  passing  into  a  lighter  shade  towards  the  edge.  It 
can  scarcely  owe  its  qualities  to  the  Boursault  race  alone, 
but  seems  to  be  a  hybrid  of  some  of  the  Chinese  roses. 
When  in  perfection,  it  is  much  the  best  of  the  group,  but 
requires  a  warmer  and  brighter  aspect  than  the  others.  It 
is,  however,  perfectly  hardy.  This  variety  is  also  called 
CALYPSO,  DE  L'!SLE,  The  WHITE  BOUESATJLT,  and  FLORI- 
DA. INEKMIS  ELEGAXS  and  GRACILIS  are  the  only  other 
varieties  of  the  group  that  need  be  mentioned  here. 


Rosa  Arvensis  Hybrida. — The  origin  of  the  Ayrshire 
Rose  has  been  the  subject  of  some  discussion  among  bota- 
nists and  cultivators.  It  is  generally  supposed,  however, 
to  have  sprung  from  the  seed  of  a  wild  trailing  rose  com- 
mon in  Great  Britain  and  in  Western  Europe,  the  flowers 


DESCRIPTION    OP  THE   ROSE.  143 

of  which  had  been  impregnated  by  accident  or  design 
with  the  pollen  of  some  other  species.  The  Ayrshire  roses 
are  known  in  Europe  for  their  astonishing  vigor  of  growth ; 
some  species,  it  is  said,  growing  nearly  thirty  feet  in  a 
year,  —  an  achievement  which  we  never  knew  them  to 
equal  in  this  country.  Their  growth,  however,  is  very  rap- 
id ;  and,  when  once  established,  their  long,  slender  shoots 
quickly  possess  themselves  of  every  object  near  them.  As 
may  be  gathered  from  their  name,  most  of  them  originated 
in  Scotland.  In  Europe,  these  roses  are  valued  as  standard 
weepers,  since,  when  budded  on  tall  stocks,  they  form  huge 
heads  of  pendulous  foliage  and  bloom.  Doubtless  they 
would  succeed  as  well  or  better  in  our  Southern  and  Mid- 
dle States ;  but  in  the  North  they  would  probably  require, 
in  common  with  other  standard  roses,  a  careful  protection 
against  the  changes  of  the  seasons. 

BENNETT'S  SEEDLING  and  the  DUNDEE  RAMBLER  have 
white  flowers ;  those  of  the  last  being  not  fully  double. 
The  COUNTESS  OF  LIEVEN  is  creamy-white  and  semi- 
double.  SPLENDENS  is  white,  edged  with  red;  and  the 
QUEEN  OP  THE  BELGIANS  is  of  a  cream-color.  The 
AYRSHIRE  QUEEN  is  of  a  dark  crimson-purple,  and  less 
vigorous  in  growth  than  the  rest.  RUGA  is  of  a  pale  flesh- 
color.  Like  the  last,  it  is  a  hybrid,  probably  between  the 


144        .  .  DESCRIPTION  OP   THE   ROSE. 

Tea  Rose  and  one  of  the  Ayrshires ;  for  it  has  much  of  the 
fragrance  of  the  former. 

"I  have  a  steep  bank  of  a  hard  white  clay,"  says  an 
English  writer,  "  which,  owing  to  a  cutting  made  in  the 
road,  became  too  steep  for  cultivation.  About  sixteen 
years  since,  this  was  planted  with  Ayrshire  and  other 
climbing  roses.  Holes  were  made  in  the  hard  soil  with  a 
pick,  two  feet  over  and  two  feet  deep ;  some  manure  mixed 
with  the  clay,  after  it  had"  lain  exposed  to  frost  to  mellow 
it,  and  climbing  roses  planted.  This  bank  is,  when  the 
roses  are  in  bloom,  a  mass  of  beauty :  I  have  never  seen 
any  thing  in  climbing  roses  to  equal  it.  On  another  bank, 
they  are  gradually  mounting  to  the  tops  of  the  trees: 
none  of  them  have  ever  been  pruned.  Ayrshire  roses,  as 
articles  of  decoration  in  places  unfitted  for  other  ornamen- 
tal climbers,  are  worthy  of  much  more  attention  than  they 
have  hitherto  received. 

The  following  extract  from  the  "Dundee  Courier"  of 
July  11, 1837,  will  give  some  idea  how  capable  these  roses 
are  of  making  even  a  wilderness  a  scene  of  beauty :  — 

"  Some  years  ago,  a  sand-pit  at  Ellangowan  was  filled 
up  with  rubbish  found  in  digging  a  well.  Over  this  a 
piece  of  rock  was  formed  for  the  growth  of  plants  which 
prefer  such  situations,  and  amongst  them  were  planted 
some  half-dozen  plants  of  the  Double  Ayrshire  Rose, 
raised  in  this  neighborhood  about  ten  years  ago.  These 


DESCRIPTION   OP   THE    EOSE.  145 

roses  now  most  completely  cover  the  whole  ground, — 
a  space  of  thirty  feet  by  twenty.  At  present  they  are  in 
full  bloom,  showing  probably  not  less  than  ten  thousand 
roses  in  this  small  space." 


Rosa  /Sempervirens. — This  is  a  climbing  rose  of  very 
vigorous  growth,  a  native  of  the  middle  and  south  of 
Europe.  The  garden  varieties  originated  from  it  bloom 
in  clusters  of  small  and  usually  very  double  flowei's,  of 
which  the  prevailing  tints  are  light,  varying  from  delicate 
shades  of  rose  and  pink  to  a  pure  white.  They  are' not 
absolutely  evergreen,  but  only  partially  so,  retaining  their 
bright,  glossy  leaves  till  spring,  provided  they  are  planted 
in  shady  and  sheltered  places,  as  under  trees,  or  in  the 
angles  of  walls,  but  dropping  them  in  open  situations.  In 
England  they  have  come  into  great  favor  as  pillar-roses, 
and  for  covering  walls,  banks,  or  unsightly  objects  in  the 
garden  or  on  the  pleasure-ground.  Budded  on  tall  stems 
of  the  Dog  Rose,  they  form  pendulous  standards  of  magni- 
ficent proportions ;  rivalling,  in  this  respect,  the  Ayrshire. 
"Whether  such  standards  would  be  equally  successful  in 

the  Northern  States,  is,  to  say  the  least,  doubtful. 
10 


146  DESCRIPTION   OP  THE    ROSE. 

Most  of  the  varieties  of  the  Evergreen  Rose  now  most 
in  esteem  were  originated  in  the  gardens  of  Neuilly,  near 
Paris,  by  M.  Jacques,  gardener  to  King  Louis  Philippe. 
One  or  two  are  crossed  with  the  Musk  Rose ;  whence  they 
acquire  a  fragrance  in  which  their  own  race  is  deficient. 
BANKSLEFLORA  is  one  of  these.  It  has  small  double 
white  flowers.  FELICITE  PERPETUEE,  in  spite  of  its  pre- 
posterous name,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  climbing 
roses ;  and  trained  as  it  sometimes  is  in  European  gardens, 
drooping  in  graceful  festoons  from  pillar  to  pillar  on  sup  - 
porting  wires,  or  mantling  some  unsightly  dead  trunk 
with  its  foliage  of  shining  green  and  its  countless  clusters 
of  creamy  white  flowers,  it  forms  one  of  the  most  attrac- 
tive objects  imaginable.  Thin  out  its  shoots ;  but  do  not 
prune  them,  since,  if  they  are  much  shortened,  they  will 
yield  no  flowers  whatever.  Give  it  a  rich  soil,  with  au- 
tumnal top-dressing  of  manure ;  a  treatment  good  for  the 
whole  group,  and,  indeed,  for  all  climbing  roses.  DOXXA 
MARIA  has  pure  white  flowers.  Its  growth  is  less  vigor- 
ous than  others,  its  foliage  light  green,  and  it  blooms  in 
large  clusters.  MYRIAXTHES  RENOXCULE  has  flowers  of 
a  pale  peach-color,  drooping  in  large  clusters,  and  in  form 
resembling  a  double  ranunculus.  ROSA  PLEXA  is  of  a 
bright  flesh-color,  large  and  double.  PRIXCESSE  MAKIE  is 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  ROSE.  147 

reddish-pink.  FORTUNE'S  YELLOW  is  a  native  of  China 
and  Japan,  and  is  sometimes  included  in  this  class.  It  is  of 
a  bright  fawn-color,  with  a  tinge  of  copper ;  beautiful  under 
shelter,  but  will  not  bear  a  winter  exposure  in  the  North- 
ern States.  It  is  of  comparatively  recent  introduction. 
RAMP  ANTE  blooms  profusely  in  clusters  of  pure  white. 
FLORA  is  of  a  bright  rose ;  LEOPOLDINE  D'ORLEANS,  white, 
tinged  with  rose ;  and  SPECTABILIS,  rosy-lilac. 

While  some  of  this  race  are  perfectly  hardy,  others  will 
require  protection  against  a  Northern  winter.  The  ease 
of  their  culture,  their  rapid  growth,  and  their  admirable 
effect  where  masses  of  flowers  and  verdure  are  desired, 
will  commend  them  all  to  favor  in  the  Middle  and  South- 
ern States. 

"  I  know  of  no  rose  idea,"  says  Mr.  Rivers,  "  prettier 
than  that  of  a  wilderness  of  evergreen  roses,  the  varieties 
planted  promiscuously,  and  suffered  to  cover  the  surface 
of  the  ground  with  their  entangled  shoots.  To  effect  this, 
the  ground  should  be  dug,  manured,  and  thoroughly 
cleaned  from  perennial  weeds,  such  as  couch-grass,  &c., 
and  the  plants  planted  from  three  to  five  feet  asunder.  If 
the  soil  be  rich,  the  latter,  distance  will  do.  They  must  be 
hoed  amongst,  and  kept  clean  from  weeds  after  planting, 
till  the  branches  meet :  they  will  then  soon  form  a  beautiful 
mass  of  foliage  and  flowers,  covering  the  soil  too  densely 


148  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE-  ROSE. 

for  weeds  of  minor  growth  to  flourish.  Those  weeds  that 
are  more  robust  should  be  pulled  out  occasionally;  and 
this  is  all  the  culture  they  will  require.  For  temples,  col- 
umns, wire-fences,  which  they  soon  cover  with  beauty, 
and  vei'andas,  their  use  is  now  becoming  well  known. 
One  of  the  most  complete  temples  of  roses  is  that  at  the 

seat  of Warner,  Esq.,  Hoddesdon,  Hertfordshire ;  and 

the  prettiest  specimens  of  festooning  these  roses  from  one 
column  to  another  by  means  of  small  iron  chains  (strong 
iron  wire  will  do)  may  be  seen  at  Broxbourn  Bury,  near 

Hoddesdon,  the  seat  of Bosanquet,  Esq. 

"...  About  six  or  eight  years  ago,  I  received,  among 
others,  some  very  stout  short  stocks  of  the  Dog  Rose : 
they  were  not  more  than  two  feet  in  height,  but  stouter 
than  a  large  broom-handle,  the  bark  thick  and  gray  with 
age.  They  were  planted,  and  grew  most  luxuriantly.  I 
was  for  some  little  time  at  a  loss  what  varieties  to  bud 
them  with ;  for,  be  it  remembered,  all  stout  and  old  rose- 
stocks  require  to  be  worked  with  very  strong-growing 
sorts  of  roses,  to  take  off  the  abundance  of  sap,  and  keep 
them  in  a  healthy  state.  At  last,  in  a  mere  freak  of  fancy, 
I  had  them  budded  with  some  varieties  of  the  Evergreen 
Rose  (Rosa  Sempervirens).  They  grew  most  luxuriantly; 
and  after  a  year  or  two,  not  being  trees  adapted  for  sale, 
they  were  planted  in  a  sloping  bank  of  strong  white  clay, 
and  left  to  grow  and  bloom  as  Nature  dictated :  not  a 
shoot  was  ever  touched  with  the  pruning-knife. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  149 

"  One  of  these  trees  is  on  a  stem  a  trifle  more  than  two 
feet  in  height,  and  it  has  been  these  two  or  three  summers 
past  a  picture  of  beauty.  When  in  full  bloom,  the  ends 
of  its  shoots  rest  on  the  ground,  and  it  then  forms  a  per- 
fect dome  of  roses  :  nothing  in  rose-culture  can  really  be 
more  beautiful.  It  will  be  at  once  seen  with  what  facility 
such  stout,  short,  old  rose-stocks  can  be  found  in  any 
hedge.  They  may  be  planted  in  the  kitchen-garden,  bud- 
ded with  the  above-mentioned  sort,  and,  to  give  variety  in 
color,  with  some  of  the  following  kinds,  —  all  varieties  of 
Rosa  Sempervirens,  Myrianthes,  Jaunatre,  Adelaide  d'Or- 
leans,  and  Spectabilis.  Every  bud  will  succeed,  as  no 
roses  grow  more  freely  ;  and,  after  remaining  one  season 
from  budding  in  their  '  nursery,'  some  nice  places  must  be 
found  for  them  on  the  lawn,  where,  unpruned,  unchecked, 
they  will,  with  all  the  freshness  of  unassisted  Nature,  annu- 
ally delight  the  eye  of  the  lover  of  flowers."  * 


Rosa  Multiflora.  —  The  parent  of  this  family  belongs 
to  Japan  and  China.  With  few  exceptions,  we  cannot 
recommend  them  to  Northern  cultivators  for  growth  in 
the  open  air,  as  they  bear  our  winters  but  indifferently, 

*  This  will  do  for  the  Southern  States.  Unhappily,  it  will  not  do 
in  New  England. 


150  DESCRIPTION  OP  THE   ROSE. 

and,  in  some  cases,  are  killed  outright.  RTTSSELLIANA,  or 
SCAELET  GKEVILLIA,  blooms  in  large  clusters  of  a  rich, 
dark  lake,  changing  to  various  shades  of  red  and  lilac,  so 
that  the  cluster  presents  a  curious  diversity  of  hue.  As  it 
is  extremely  vigorous  in  growth,  it  would  make  an  admi- 
rable pillar  or  climbing  rose,  were  it  but  a  little  more 
hardy.  It  would,  no  doubt,  succeed  if  the  pillar  were 
protected  during  winter  by  fastening  around  it  a  covering 
of  pine  or  spruce  boughs.  These  exclude  sun,  but  not  air; 
so  that  the  rose  is  not  exposed  to  the  dangers  from  damp- 
ness which  attend  a  compact  mass  of  straw  soaked  by 
rain  and  snow.  As  RUSSELLIANA  bears  pruning  better 
than  most  climbing  roses,  it  may  be  grown  as  a  bush ;  in 
which  state  it  has  flourished  here  for  a  number  of  years 
without  protection.  DE  LA  GRIFFEKAIE  may  also  be 
grown  as  a  bush  with  perfect  success  as  far  North  as  Bos- 
ton. It  gives  a  great  abundance  of  blush  and  rose-colored 
flowers,  forming  a  high  mound  of  bloom.  LAUKA  DA- 
VOUST  forms  an  admirable  greenhouse  stock  for  rafter 
roses.  Indeed,  it  is  well  worth  a  place  for  its  own  sake. 
It's  small  double  flowei's  of  bright  pink  and  flesh -color, 
changing  to  white,  are  produced  in  large  and  graceful 
clusters,  beautiful  from  the  varieties  of  shade  which  they 
exhibit.  CARMIN  VELOUTE,  ALBA,  and  COCCIXEA  are  also 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE  ROSE.  151 

good  varieties  of  this  family,  the  value  of  which  is  greatly 
diminished  by  the  imperfect  hardiness  of  many  of  its 
members. 


The  following  are  roses  of  doubtful  parentage,  several 
of  them  much  esteemed  abroad;  though,  for  the  most  part, 
they  have  not  been  sufficiently  tried  here  to  establish  their 
merit  and  their  hardiness  in  our  Northern  climate.  All 
those  named  below  bear  an  English  winter. 

MADAME  D'ARBLAY,  or  WELLS'S  WHITE,  is  of  a  light 
flesh-color,  and  its  growth  is  exceedingly  vigorous.  The 
GARLAND  is  of  a  light  fawn-color,  changing  to  white,  and 
blooms  in  large  clusters  of  double  flowers,  which  turn  to 
pink  before  fading.  SIB  JOHN  SEBBIGHT  has  small  semi- 
double  crimson  flowers,  a  color  valuable  in  a  climbing  rose, 
because  not  very  common.  MEXOTJX  is  also  crimson. 
INDICA  MAJOR  is  of  a  pale  blush.  Among  others  under 
this  head  may  be  mentioned  ASTROLABE,  BENGALE  FOR- 
MIDABLE, QUEEN,  and  CLAIR.  The  last,  however,  is  but 
a  moderate  grower  for  a  climbing  rose. 

"Among  climbing  roses, but  few  can  be  found  that  will 
bear  seed  in  England,  the  Ayrshire  roses  excepted,  from 


152  DESCRIPTION  OP  THE  ROSE. 

some  of  which  it  is  probable  that  some  fine  and  original 
climbers  may  be  raised.  A  most  desirable  object  to  obtain 
is  a  dark  crimson  Rosa  ruga :  this  may  possibly  be  accom- 
plished by  planting  that  favorite  rose  with  the  Ayrshire 
Queen,  and  fertilizing  its  flowers  very  carefully  with  those 
of  that  dark  rose.  It  is  remarkable,  that  although  these 
roses  are  both  hybrids,  from  species  apparently  very  re- 
mote in  their  affinities,  yet  both  of  them  bear  seed,  even 
without  being  fertilized.  The  Blush  Ayrshire,  a  most 
abundant  seed-bearer,  may  also  be  planted  with  the  Ayr- 
shire Queen,  the  Gloire  de  Rosonienes,  the  Double  Yellow 
Brier,  Single  Crimson  Moss,  Celina  Moss,  the  China  Rose 
Fabvier,  and  its  flowers  fertilized  with  the  pollen  of  these 
roses :  if  any  combination  can  be  effected,  pleasing  results 
may  reasonably  be  hoped  for.  To  '  make  assurance  doubly 
sure,'  the  anthers  of  the  Ayrshire  Rose  should  be  removed 
from  some  of  the  flowers  with  which  the  experiment  is 
tried."  —  Mivers. 


Rosa  Banksia.  —  This  very  beautiful  and  very  singular 
family  more  resembles  in  bloom  a  double  Spinea  pruni- 
folia,  dwarf  almond,  or  Chinese  plum,  than  a  rose.  Its 
shoots  are  long,  flexible,  and  graceful,  and  its  foliage  of  a 
deep,  polished  green.  In  the  flowering  season,  each  shoot 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  153 

is  like  a  pendulous  garland  of  white,  yellow,  or  rose-colored 
blossoms,  small  in  size,  and  countless  in  number.  It  is  not 
hardy  here,  or  even  in  England ;  but  it  is  one  of  the  few 
once-blooming  roses  that  are  worth  training  on  a  green- 
house rafter.  "We  have  found  it  to  succeed  in  a  house 
without  fire,  with  the  protection  of  straw  placed  around  it 
in  winter.  It  will  then  bloom  in  the  spring. 

This  rose  is  a  native  of  China,  and  was  named  in  com- 
pliment to  Lady  Banks.  In  Italy  and  the  south  of  France 
it  grows  to  perfection,  climbing  with  an  astonishing  vigor, 
and  covering  every  object  within  its  reach.  According  to 
the  French  writer  Deslongchamps,  there  was  in  1842  a 
Banksia  Rose  at  Toulon,  of  which  the  stem  was,  at  its  base, 
two  feet  and  four  inches  in  circumference;  while  the 
largest  of  the  six  branches  measured  a  foot  in  girth.  Its 
foliage  covered  a  space  of  wall  seventy-five  feet  wide,  and 
about  eighteen  feet  high;  and  it  sometimes  produced 
shoots  fifteen  feet  long  in  a  single  year.  It  flowered  in 
April  and  May;  from  fifty  to  sixty  thousand  of  its  double 
white  blossoms  opening  at  once,  with  an  effect  which  the 
writer  describes  as  magical.  This  remarkable  tree  was 
then  about  thirty-four  years  old.  Deslongchamps  also 
describes  another  Banksia  Rose  at  Caserta,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  which  climbed  to  the  top  of  a  poplar 


154  DESCRIPTION    OF   THE   ROSE. 

sixty  feet  high,  killed  it  with  its  embraces,  and  mantled 
its  lifeless  form  with  its  rich  green  drapery,  and  its  flowery 
garlands  and  festoons  of  white. 

Banksian  roses  must  not  be  shortened  much ;  for,  if  they 
are,  they  will  not  bloom.  The  branches  may  be  thinned 
out,  however,  to  any  degree  necessary.  The  strong,  thick 
shoots  of  overgrown  proportions,  and  often  but  half 
ripened,  which  they  sometimes  make  towards  the  end  of 
summer,  should  be  cut  out,  as  they  draw  too  much  life 
from  the  blooming  part  of  the  plant.  The  same  rule  will 
also  apply  to  many  other  species.  These  gross  and  im- 
mature shoots  occur  in  many  roses,  both  in  the  open 
ground  and  under  glass ;  and,  as  they  rarely  produce  good 
flowers,  they  should  not  be  suffered  to  rob  the  rest  of  the 
plant  of  its  nourishment. 

The  DOUBLE  WHITE  BAXKSIA  is  the  best  known,  and 
one  of  the  most,  beautiful.  JAUNATRE  PLEDGE  is  of  a 
primrose  yellow.  JATTXE  SERIN  is  of  a  bright  yellow. 
FORTUNE'S  BANKSIA  has  double  white  flowers,  much 
larger  than  usual  with  the  species,  and  is  greatly  admired. 
The  YELLOW  BAXKSIA  is  of  a  bright  yellow,  small,  and 
very  double.  ROSEA  is  of  a  bright  rose,  double. 

The  Banksia  is  frequently  used  in  greenhouses  and  con- 


DESCRIPTION  OP  THE   ROSE.  155 

servatories  as  a  stock  for  other  climbing  roses  ;   and,  in 
many  cases,  answers  well. 


Rosa  Mubifolia.  —  This  native  rose  has  been  much  im- 
proved by  Mr.  Feast  and  others,  and  now  has  many  vari- 
eties, some  of  which  are  evidently  hybrids.  The  single 
variety  is  in  itself  very  attractive;  blooming  in  clusters, 
which  last  a  long  time,  and  exhibit  a  pleasing  diversity  of 
shade,  since  the  flowers  grow  paler  as  they  grow  old.  For 
our  own  part,  we  prefer  the  parent  to  most  of  its  more  pre- 
tending offspring. 

All  of  this  family  are  held  in  great  scorn  by  transatlantic 
cultivators.  Perhaps  the  climate  of  England  is  unfavor- 
able to  them  ;  perhaps  national  prejudice  may  color  the 
judgment;  or  perhaps  the  fact  that  a  less  rigorous  climate 
permits  the  successful  cultivation  of  many  fine  climbing 
roses  which  cannot  well  be  grown  here  may  explain  the 
slight  esteem  with  which  these  coarse  children  of  the 
prairies  are  regarded.  Coarse,  without  doubt,  they  are, 
except  those  into  which  another  element  has  been  infused 
by  hybridization,  accidental  or  otherwise:  and  yet  our 
climate  forbids  us  to  dispense  with  them. 


156  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE. 

The  QUEEN  OF  THE  PRAIRIES  is  among  those  best 
known  and  most  desirable.  Individually,  its  flowers  are 
as  void  of  beauty  as  a  rose  can  be.  Sometimes  they  are 
precisely  like  a  small  cabbage,  —  not  the  rose  so  called,  but 
the  vegetable,  —  and  they  are  as  deficient  in  fragrance  as 
in  elegance.  Yet  we  regard  this  rose  as  a  most  valuable 
possession.  It  will  cover  a  wall,  a  pillar,  a  bank,  or  a  dead 
trunk,  with  a  profusion  of  bloom,  gorgeous  as  a  feature  of 
the  garden  landscape,  though  unworthy  to  be  gathered  or 
critically  examined.  It  is  perfectly  hardy,  and  of  the 
easiest  culture.  Those  who  can  make  no  other  rose  grow 
rarely  fail  with  this.  The  BALTIMORE  BELLE  is  a  notable 
exception  to  every  thing  we  have  said  in  disparagement  of 
the  Prairie  roses.  It  is  evidently  a  hybrid  of  some  tender, 
ever-blooming  variety,  apparently  one  of  the  Noisettes; 
and  derives,  from  its  paternal  parent,  qualities  of  delicacy 
and  beauty  which  are  not  conspicuous  in  the  maternal 
stock.  At  the  same  time,1  it  has  lost  some  of  the  robust 
and  hardy  character  of  the  unmixed  Prairie.  In  a  severe 
New-England  winter,  its  younger  shoots  are  often  killed 
back.  It  shows  a  tendency  to  bloom  in  the  autumn ;  and 
a  trifle  more  of  the  Noisette  blood  infused  into  it  would, 
no  doubt,  make  it  a  true  autumnal  rose.  Some  florists 
use  it  for  spring  forcing  in  the  greenhouse ;  for  which  the 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  157 

delicacy  of  its  clustering  white  flowers,  shaded  with  a  soft, 
flesh-color,  well  fits  it.  When  the  worthy  Rivers,  patri- 
arch of  English  rose-growers,  pronounced  sentence,  ex 
cathedra,  against  the  whole  race  of  Prairies,  —  "I  will  dis- 
miss them  with  the  remark,  that  none  of  them  are  worth 
cultivating,"  —  he  included  in  his  decree  of  excommuni- 
cation one  of  the  prettiest  climbing  roses  in  existence. 

ANNA  MARIA  has  very  double  flowers  of  pink  and  rose. 
LIXNJSAN  HILL  BEAUTY  bears  white  and  pale  blush 
flowers.  Miss  GUXNELL  is  pale  pink,  with  a  tinge  of  buff. 
It  is  one  of  the  best,  though  not  equal  to  the  BALTIMORE 
BELLE.  MRS.  HOVEY  lias  large  white  flowers;  PRESI- 
DENT, deep  pink ;  TRIUMPHANT,  deep  rose  ;  SUPERBA,  light- 
pink.  Among  other  sorts  are  the  KING  OF  THE  PRAIRIE, 
EVA  CORINNE,  JANE,  and  SERAPHIM,  all  excellent  for 
general  effect,  but  not  to  be  classed  with  the  roses  suitable 
for  the  bouquet  or  the  drawing-room. 

The  Prairie  roses  might,  no  doubt,  be  greatly  improved 
by  hybridizing.  Thus,  by  fertilization  with  the  pollen  of 
the  Musk  Rose,  we  should  probably  obtain  an  offspring 
with  some  of  the  delicacy  and  fragrance  of  that  species. 
Again :  by  applying  the  pollen  of  some  vigorous,  hardy 
rose  of  deep  and  vivid  color,  we  should  improve  the  color 
of  the  Prairie  without  impairing  its  hardiness.  Hybrid 


158 


DESCRIPTION   OP  THE   ROSE. 


China  Paul  Ricaut  would  probably  answer  well  for  this 
experiment.  The  Baltimore  Belle  bears  seed  occasionally ; 
but  is  so  uncertain  and  capricious  in  this  respect,  that  it 
will  require  no  little  perseverance  in  the  hybridist. 


THE  ROSES  of  which  we  have  hitherto  spoken  have 
but  one  period  of  bloom  in  the  year.  June  is  gay  with 
their  flowers ;  but  at  midsummer  their  glory  is  departed, 
not  again  to  return  till  a  winter  of  rest  has  intervened. 
Various  families  of  roses  have,  however,  the  faculty  of 
continuous  or  repeated  blooming.  Some  remain  in  bloom 
with  little  interruption  for  a  long  time ;  while  others  bloora 
at  intervals,  after  periods  of  rest.  These  classes  are 
known,  with  little  discrimination,  as  "Autumnal  Roses," 
"Ever-blooming  Roses,"  or  "Perpetual  Roses."  The 
French  have  a  name  for  those  blooming  at  intervals,  which 
is  very  appropriate.  They  call  them  "  Remontant  Roses," 
—  Hosiers  Remontants, — in  other  words,  roses  which 

159 


160  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE. 

grow  again.  This  very  well  describes  them.  They  make 
a  growth  in  spring  and  early  summer,  and  the  young 
wood  thus  produced  bears  a  crop  of  flowers.  Then  the 
plant  rests  for  a  while ;  but  soon  begins  another  growth, 
which,  in  turn,  bears  flowers,  though  less  abundantly  than 
before.  The  June,  or  once  -  blooming  roses,  it  is  true, 
make  also  a  first  and  second  growth ;  but,  with  them,  the 
second  growth  gives  leaves  alone.  In  the  true  ever- 
blooming  roses,  or  roses  that  bloom  continuously,  the 
growth  of  young  wood  capable  of  bearing  flowers  is 
going  on  with  little  interruption  during  the  whole  period 
when  the  vital  powers  of  the  plant  are  awake.  It  is  to 
stimulate  the  production  of  this  blooming  wood  that  we 
prune  back  the  shoots  that  have  already  bloomed,  as  soon 
as  the  flowers  have  faded. 

It  is  the  possession  of  a  great  variety  of  roses  of  repeated 
or  continuous  bloom  that  gives  to  the  rose-lovers  of  our  own 
day  their  greatest  advantage  over  those  of  former  times. 
Our  forefathers  had  but  very  few  autumnal  roses.  The 
ancient  Romans,  it  seems,  had  roses  in  abundance  in 
November  and  December ;  but  this  must  have  been  with 
the  aid  of  a  supreme  skill  in  cultivation,  as  there  is  no  rea- 
son to  believe  that  they  were  in  possession  of  those  Chinese 
and  Indian  species,  to  which  the  modern  florist  is  indebted, 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    ROSE.  161 

directly  or  indirectly,  for  nearly  all  his  autumnal  flowers. 
As  these  species  are  by  far  the  most  important  of  the 
ever-blooming  and  remontant  families,  both  in  themselves 
and  in  the  numberless  progeny  of  hybrids  to  whom  they 
have  transmitted  their  qualities,  we  place  them  first  on 
our  list. 


Rosa  Indica.  —  Rosa  Semperflowns.  —  We  include 
under  the  head  of  the  Chinese  Rose  two  botanical  spe- 
cies, because  they  are  so  much  alike,  that,  for  floral  pur- 
poses, it  is  not  worth  while  to  separate  them,  and 
because  their  respective  offspring  are  often  wholly  un- 
distinguishable.  The  most  marked  distinction  between 
the  two  is  the  greater  depth  and  vividness  of  the  color 
of  Rosa  Semperflorens  ;  though,  by  a  singular  freak  of 
Nature,  seedlings  perfectly  white  are  said  to  have  been 
produced  from  it. 

China  roses  will  not  endure  our  winters  without  very 
careful  protection  ;  yet  they  bloom  so  constantly  and  so 
abundantly,  that  they  are  very  desirable  in  a  garden.  In 
large  English  pleasure-grounds,  they  are  sometimes 

planted  in  masses,  each  of  a  distinct  color.     They  may 
11 


162  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   ROSE. 

also  be  so  used  here  by  those  who  will  take  the  trouble  to 
remove  them  from  the  ground  in  the  autumn,  and  place 
them  in  a  frame  for  protection.  For  this  purpose,  a  hot- 
bed frame  may  be  used,  substantially  made  of  plank.  It 
should  be  placed  in  a  situation  where  the  soil  is  thoroughly 
drained  either  by  Nature  or  Art  The  roses  are  to  be 
placed  in  it  close  together,  and  overlapping  each  other,  to 
save  room;  the  roots  being  well  covered  with  soil,  and 
the  plants  laid  in  a  sloping  position.  By  covering  them 
with  boards  and  mats,  they  will  then  be  safe  from  every 
thing  but  mice.  The  most  effectual  way  to  defeat  the 
mischievous  designs  of  these  pestiferous  vermin  is  to 
cover,  not  the  roots  only,  but  the  entire  plants,  with  earth. 
The  covering  of  boards  and  mats  must  be  so  placed  as  to- 
exclude  water  from  rain  and  melting  snow.  Tea  roses, 
of  which  we  shall  speak  under  the  next  head,  are,  as  a 
class,  more  tender  than  the  Chinas ;  and,  in  order  to  pre- 
serve them,  the  soil  in  the  frame  should  be  dug  out  to  the 
depth  of  a  foot,  the  roses  laid  at  the  bottom,  and  wholly 
covered  with  earth  somewhat  dry.  On  this  earth,  after 
the  roses  are  buried,  place  a  covering  of  dry  leaves  some 
six  inches  deep,  and  then  cover  the  whole  with  water- 
proof boards  or  sashes.  The  leaves  alone,  if  in  sufficient 
quantity,  would  protect  the  roses  from  cold,  but,  at  the 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE  ROSE.  163 

same  time,  afford  a  tempting  harborage  foi  mice,  which 
would  destroy  the  plants,  unless  buried  out  of  their  reach. 
Thus  treated,  the  tenderest  Tea  roses  will  bear  the  win- 
ter with  impunity  in  the  coldest  parts  of  New  England. 

Though  China  roses  are  not  equal  in  beauty  to  some 
of  their  hybrid  offspring  to  be  hereafter  described,  they 
surpass  all  other  roses  for  pot-culture  in  the  window  of  the 
parlor  or  drawing-room.  They  are  more  easily  managed 
than  Tea  roses,  and,  though  less  fragrant,  are  not  less 
abundant  in  bloom.  No  roses' are  of  easier  culture  in  the 
greenhouse.  The  varieties  of  this  group  are  the  Bengal 
roses  of  the  French,  and  are  those  familiarly  known 
among  us  as  Monthly  roses.  They  were  introduced  into 
England  from  the  East  about  the  beginning  of  the  last 
century. 

CARMIN  D'YEBLES,  or  CARMIN  SUPEEBE,  has  bright 
carmine  flowers.  CRAMOISIE  SUPERIEURE  has  double 
crimson  flowers,  and,  like  the  former,  is  excellent  for  pot- 
culture.  EUGENE  BEATJHAENAIS  is  large,  very  double, 
and  of  a  bright  amaranth-color,  approaching  crimson. 
FABVIEE  is  of  crimson  scarlet,  very  vivid  and  striking. 
PEESIDEXT  D'OLBEQTTE  is  of  a  cherry-red. 

All  of  the  above  belong  to  the  Semperflorens  species, 
and  are  of  deep  colors.  The  following  are  varieties  of 


164  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE    ROSE. 

Rosa  Indica.  ARCHDUKE  CHAELES  is  of  a  bright  rose- 
color,  gradually  deepening  as  the  flower  grows  older,  till 
it  becomes,  at  times,  almost  crimson.  GELS  MULTIFLORA 
is  white,  shaded  with  pink,  and  flowers  very  freely. 
MADAME  BREON  is  of  a  rich  rose-color,  very  large,  double, 
and  compact  in  form.  CLARA  SYLVAIN  is  pure  white. 
MADAME  BUREAU  is  white,  with  a  faint  tinge  of  straw- 
color.  MRS.  BOSANQUET  may  be  placed  in  this  division ; 
for,  though  it  is  certainly  a  hybrid,  the  blood  of  the  China 
Rose  predominates  in  it,  and  characterizes  it.  It  is  of  a 
pale,  waxy,  flesh  color,  very  delicate  and  beautiful,  at  the 
same  time  large  and  double.  NAPOLEON  is  of  a  bright 
pink,  and  the  DUCHESS  OF  KENT  is  white. 

The  Dwarf  roses,  called  Lawrenceanas,  or  Fairy  roses, 
are  varieties  of  the  Chinese.  They  are  very  small,  many 
of  them  not  exceeding  a  foot  in  height,  and  are  used  as 
edging  for  flower-beds  in  countries  of  which  the  climate  is 
not  too  severe  for  them.  Like  all  other  China  roses,  they 
are  very  easily  grown  in  pots. 

"  China  roses  are  better  adapted  than  almost  any  other 
class  for  forming  groups  of  separate  colors.  Thus,  for 
beds  of  white  roses,  —  which,  let  it  be  remembered,  will 
bloom  constantly  from  June  till  October,  —  Clara  Sylvain 
and  Madame  Bureau  are  beautiful.  The  former  is  the  taller 


DESCRIPTION  OP   THE    ROSE.  165 

grower,  and  should  be  planted  in  the  centre  of  the  bed. 
For  crimson,  take  Cramoisie  Superieure,  —  no  other  variety 
approaches  this  in  its  peculiar  richness  of  color ;  for  scarlet, 
Fabvier;  for  red,  Prince  Charles  and  Carmin  Superbe; 
for  deep  crimson,  Eugene  Beauharnais;  for  blush,  Mrs. 
Bosanquet;  for  a  variegated  group,  changeable  as  the 
chameleon,  take  Archduke  Charles  and  Yirginie;  for  rose, 
Madame  Breon.  I  picture  to  myself  the  above  on  a  well- 
kept  lawn,  their  branches  pegged  to  the  ground  so  as  to 
cover  the  entire  surface;  and  can  scarcely  imagine  any 
thing  more  chaste  and  beautiful. 

"To  succeed  in  making  these  roses  bear  and  ripen  their 
seed  in  England,  a  warm,  dry  soil  and  south  wall  are 
necessary ;  or,  if  the  plants  can  be  trained  to  a  flued  wall, 
success  will  be  more  certain.  Eugene  Beauharnais,  fer- 
tilized with  Fabvier,  would  probably  produce  first-rate 
brilliant-colored  flowers.  Archduke  Charles,  by  removing 
a  few  of  the  small  central  petals,  just  before  their  flowers 
are  expanded,  and  fertilizing  it  with  pollen  from  Fabvier 
or  Henry  the  Fifth,  would  give  seed ;'  and  as  the  object 
ought  to  be,  in  this  family,  to  have  large  flowers  with 
brilliant  colors,  and  plants  of  hardy,  .robust  habits,  no  bet- 
ter union  can  be  formed.  China  roses,  if  blooming  in  an 
airy  greenhouse,  will  often  produce  fine  seed :  by  fertilizing 
their  flowers,  it  may  probably  be  insured.  In  addition, 
therefore,  to  those  planted  against  a  wall,  some  strong 
plants  of  the  above  varieties  should  be  planted  in  the 


166  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   EOSE. 

orchard-house,  —  the  place,  above  all  others,  adapted  for 
seed-bearing  roses."  —  Rivers. 


Rosa  Indica  Odorata.  —  This  is  a  Chinese  species, 
closely  allied  to  the  last  named,  but  more  beautiful,  far 
more  fragrant,  and  usually  more  tender.  The  two  origi- 
nal varieties  of  it,  the  Blush  Tea  and  the  Yellow  Tea, 
were  introduced  into  England  early  in  the  present  cen- 
tury ;  and  between  them  they  have  produced  a  numerous 
family,  than  which  no  roses  are  more  beautiful. 

To  grow  them  in  the  open  air,  they  require,  in  the  first 
place,  a  very  thorough  drainage.  If  the  situation  is  at  all 
damp,  the  bed  should  be  raised  some  six  inches  above  the 
surrounding  surface ;  but  this  will  be  rarely  necessary  in 
our  climate.  If  it  rests  on  a  good  natural  stratum  of 
gravel,  this  will  be  drainage  sufficient ;  but,  if  not,  the 
whole  bed  should  be  excavated,  and  underlaid  to  the  depth 
of  four  or  five  inches  with  broken  stones,  broken  bricks, 
or  with  what  is  much  better  than  either,  —  oyster-shells. 
Over  these,  sift  coarse  gravel  to  prevent  the  soil  from 
working  into  their  crevices,  and  on  the  gravel  make  a  bed 
somewhat  more  than  a  foot  deep  of  good  loam,  mixed 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  ROSE.  167 

with  a  nearly  equal  quantity  of  light,  well-rotted  manure, 
adding  sand  if  the  texture  of  the  loam  requires  it.  The 
bed  should  be  in  an  open,  sunny  situation,  and  sheltered, 
as  far  as  may  be,  from  strong  winds.  The  Tea  roses 
planted  in  it  —  unless  they  have  been  exhausted  by  forcing 
in  the  greenhouse — will  give  a  liberal  supply  of  bloom 
until  checked  by  the  autumn  frosts. 

Many  of  these  roses  can  be  grown  to  great  advantage 
in  a  cold  grapery,  in  a  bed  suitably  prepared.  They  differ 
greatly  in  hardiness,  and  in  respect  to  ease  of  culture. 
Some  are  so  vigorous  as  to  form  greenhouse  climbers, 
and  so  hardy  as  to  bear  a  Northern  winter  by  being  simply 
laid  down,  and  covered  with  earth,  like  a  raspberry.  Of 
these  is  GLOIKE  DE  DIJON,  a  rose  of  most  vigorous  growth, 
and  closely  resembling  in  the  shape  of  its  blossoms  that 
matchless  Bourbon  Rose,  the  well-known  Souvenir  de  la 
Malmaison.  Its  color,  however,  is  very  different,  being  a 
mixture  of  buff  and  salmon.  It  has  one  defect,  —  a  crum- 
pled appearance  of  the  central  leaves,  which  gives  them  a 
somewhat  withered  look,  even  when  just  open.  Five  or 
six  large  plants  of  this  variety  are  growing  here  with  the 
utmost  luxuriance  on  the  rafters  of  a  glass  house,  without 
fire.  In  winter  they  are  protected  by  meadow-hay  thrust 


168  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ROSE. 

between  them  and  the  glass,  and  have  never  been  injured 
by  the  frost. 

For  preserving  a  small  number  of  Tea  roses  through 
the  winter,  an  ordinary  cellar  answers  perfectly,  provided 
there  is  no  furnace  in  it.  They  may  either  be  potted  or 
"  heeled  "  in  earth  in  a  box.  A  few  degrees  of  frost  will 
not  hurt  them.  Roses  and  all  other  plants  will  bear  the 
same  degree  of  cold  much  better  in  a  close,  still  air  than 
in  the  open  sunlight  and  wind. 

The  prevailing  colors  of  Tea  roses  are  light  and  delicate : 
of  the  rose-colored  varieties,  ADAM  is  one  of  the  finest,  ?.s 
is  also  SOUVENIR  D'UN  AMI.  MOIRET  is  of  a  pale  yellow, 
shaded  with  fawn  and  rose.  BOUGERE  is  of  a  deep  rosy 
bronze,  large  and  double.  SILENE  resembles  it  in  color, 
and  is  very  much  admired.  CANARY  is  of  the  color  which 
its  name  indicates,  and  its  buds  are  extremely  beautiful. 
Yet,  in  this  respect,  no  variety  can  exceed  the  OLD  YELLOW 
TEA,  which  is,  however,  one  of  the  most  tender  and  diffi- 
cult of  culture  in  the  whole  group.  DEVONIENSIS  is  very 
large,  double,  and  of  a  pale  clear  yellow ;  a  very  fine  rose, 
but  shy  of  bloom.  GLOIRE  DE  DIJON,  already  mentioned, 
is  a  superb  rose,  though  somewhat  wanting  in  that  grace 
and  delicacy,  which,  in  general,  characterize  this  class. 
MADAME  BRAVY  is  of  a  creamy  white,  and  very  beautifully 


DESCRIPTION   OP  THE  ROSE.  169 

formed.  MADAME  DAMAIZIN"  is  salmon,  and  very  free  in 
bloom.  MADAME  WILLIAM  is  of  a  bright  yellow,  large, 
and  very  double.  NIPHETOS  is  of  a  pale  lemon,  turning 
to  snow-white.  SAFKANO  is  one  of  the  most  distinct  and 
remarkable  roses  in  the  group.  It  is  of  a  buff  and  apricot 
hue,  altogether  peculiar.  Its  buds  are  beautifully  formed ; 
as  are  also  its  half-opened  flowers,  though  they  are  not 
very  double.  It  is  a  very  profuse  bloomer,  easy  of  culture, 
free  of  growth,  arid  hardy  as  compared  with  most  other 
Ten  roses. 

"  With  attention,  some  very  beautiful  roses  of  this  fami- 
ly may  be  originated  from  seed ;  but  the  plants  must  be 
trained  against  a  south  wall,  in  a  warm,  dry  soil,  or  grown 
in  pots,  under  glass.  A  warm  greenhouse  or  the  orchard- 
house  will  be  most  proper  for  them,  so  that  they  bloom  in 
May,  as  their  hips  are  a  long  time  ripening. 

"  For  yellow  roses,  Vicomtesse  Decazes  may  be  planted 
with  and  fertilized  by  Canary,  which  abounds  in  pollen : 
some  fine  roses,  almost  to  a  certainty,  must  be  raised  from 
seed  produced  by  such  a  union.  For  the  sake  of  curi- 
osity, a  few  flowers  of  the  latter  might  be  fertilized  with 
the  Double  Yellow  Brier,  or  Rosa  Harrisonii.  The  Old 
Yellow  Tea  Rose  bears  seed  abundantly ;  but  it  has  been 
found  from  repeated  experiments  that  a  good  or  even  a 
mediocre  rose  is  seldom  or  never  produced  from  it :  but, 


170  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  EOSE. 

fertilized  with  the  Yellow  Brier,  something  original  may 
be  realized.  Souvenir  d'un  Ami  and  Adam  would  pro- 
duce seed  of  fine  quality,  from  which  large  and  bright 
rose-colored  varieties  might  be  expected ;  Niphetos  would 
give  pure  white  Tea  roses;  and  Gloire  de  Dijon,  fertilized 
with  Safrano,  would  probably  originate  first-rate  fawn- 
colored  roses :  but  the  central  petals  of  the  latter  should 
be  carefully  removed  with  tweezers  or  pliers,  as  its  flowers 
are  too  double  for  it  to  be  a  certain  seed-bearer." — Rivers. 


Rosa  Mbschata. — This  rose  is  a  native  of  Asia,  North- 
ern Africa,  and  adjacent  islands.  In  Persia  it  is  said  to 
reach  a  prodigious  size,  resembling  some  gorgeous  flower- 
ing ti-ee.  It  is  said,  too,  that  it  is  the  favorite  rose  of  the 
Persian  poets,  who  celebrated  its  loves  with  the  nightin- 
gale in  strains  echoed  by  their  English  imitators.  Being 
very  vigorous,  it  is  best  grown  as  a  climber ;  but,  with  us, 
it  requires  the  shelter  of  glass.  It  flowers  in  large  clusters 
late  in  summer,  and  in  a  warm,  moist  air,  exhales  a  faint 
odor  of  musk. 

THE  DOUBLE  WHITE  MUSK  has  yellowish  white  flow- 
ers of  moderate  size.  EPONINE  has  pure  white  flowers, 
very  double.  The  NEW  DOUBLE  WHITE,  or  RANUNCULUS 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE.  171 

MUSK,  is  an  improvement  on  the  Double  White,  which 
it  much  resembles.  NIVEA,  or  the  SNOWY  MUSK,  can 
hardly  be  said  to  belong  to  the  group,  as  it  blooms  only 
once  in  the  year.  OPHIR,  PRINCESS  OF  NASSAU,  and 
RIVERS,  are  also  good  examples  of  this  family. 


Rosa  Moschata  Hybrida.  —  Having  treated  of  the 
China,  Tea,  and  Musk  roses,  we  now  come  to  the  hybrid 
offspring  which  they  have  jointly  produced.  In  1817, 
M.  Noisette,  a  French  florist  at  Charleston,  S.C.,  raised 
a  seedling  from  the  Musk  Rose,  impregnated  with  the 
pollen  of  the  common  China  Rose.  The  seedling  was 
different  from  either  parent,  but  had  the  vigorous  growth 
of  the  Musk  Rose,  together  with  its  property  of  blooming 
in  clusters,  and  a  slight  trace  of  its  peculiar  fragrance. 
This  was  the  original  Noisette  Rose,  and  it  has  been  the 
parent  of  a  numerous  family ;  but  as  it  has,  in  turn,  been 
fertilized  with  the  pollen  of  the  Tea,  and  perhaps  of  other 
roses,  many  of  its  descendants  have  lost  its  peculiar  charac- 
teristics, so  that  in  some  cases  they  cannot  be  distinguished 
from  Tea  roses.  It  is  thus  that  confusion  is  constantly 
arising  in  all  the  families  of  the  rose ;  the  groups  becoming 


172  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE. 

merged  in  each  other  by  insensible  gradations,  so  that  it 
is  impossible  to  fix  any  clear  line  of  demarcation  between 
them. 

The  distinctive  characteristic  of  the  true  Noisette  is 
blooming  in  clusters.  Different  varieties  have  different 
habits  of  growth,  some  being  much  more  vigorous  than 
others;  but  the  greater  part  are  true  climbing  roses. 
Those  in  which  the  blood  of  the  Musk  and  China  predom- 
inate are  comparatively  hardy.  Many  of  them  can  be 
grown  as  bushes  in  the  open  air,  with  very  little  winter 
protection,  even  in  the  latitude  of  Boston.  Two  varieties 
—  Madanie  Massot  and  Caroline  Marniesse  —  are  to- 
day (Oct.  16)  in  full  bloom  here,  where  they  have  stood 
for  several  years,  with  very  little  precaution  to  shelter 
them.  Some  other  varieties,  again,  strongly  impregnated 
with  the  Tea  Rose,  are  quite  as  tender  as  Tea  roses  of  the 
pure  race. 

As  rafter-roses  in  the  greenhouse,  the  Noisettes  are  un- 
surpassed. 

AMEE  VIBEET  is  one  of  the  prettiest  of  the  group.  It 
was  raised  by  the  French  cultivator  Vibert,  who  named  it 
after  his  daughter.  The  flowers  are  pure  white,  and  grow 
in  large  clusters.  Though  not  among  the  most  vigorous 
in  growth  of  the  Noisettes,  this  variety  is  comparatively 


DESCRIPTION   OP  THE  ROSE.  173 

hardy,  and  in  all  respects  very  desirable.  Miss  GLEGG 
resembles  her  French  sister,  bat  is  scarcely  so  graceful  or 
elegant.  JOAN  OF  AEG  is  a  pure  white  rose,  growing  very 
vigorously.  MADAME  MASSOT,  sometimes  sold  by  Ameri- 
can nursery-men  under  the  name  of  MADEMOISELLE  HEX- 
EIETTE,  bears  large  clusters  of  small  flowers  of  a  waxy 
white,  faintly  tinged  with  flesh-color.  It  is  one  of  the 
hardiest  of  the  group.  CAROLINE  MARNIESSE  somewhat 
resembles  it,  but  is  not  equal  in  beauty. 

All  of  the  above  have  very  distinctly  the  Noisette 
characteristics,  as  inherited  from  their  parent,  the  Musk 
Rose.  Those  which  follow  have  been  hybiudized  to  such  a 
degree  with  the  Tea  Rose,  that  its  traits  predominate ;  and 
though,  in  some  of  them,  the  cluster-blooming  habit  of  the 
Musk  is  not  lost,  the  flowers  bear,  in  size,  shape,  color,  and 
fragrance,  a  marked  resemblance  to  the  Tea.  CHROMA- 
TELLA,  or  the  CLOTH  OF  GOLD,  is,  when  in  perfection, 
the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  yellow  roses;  but  it  is  shy  of 
bloom,  and  difficult  of  culture.  SOLFATERRE  is  also  a  fine 
yellow  rose,  much  more  easily  managed  than  the  last. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  AUGUSTA,  a  seedling  raised  from 
it  in  this  country.  ISABELLA  GRAY  was  also  raised  in 
America,  and  is  a  seedling  from  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  which 


174  DESCRIPTION  OP  THE   ROSE. 

it  rivals  in  beauty ;  though,  like  its  parent,  it  is  somewhat 
difficult  to  manage.  JAUNE  DESPREZ,  or  DESPREZ'S 
YELLOW,  is  of  a  sulphur-color  tinged  with  red,  very  large 
and  fragrant.  AMERIC*A  is  also  a  large  and  fine  flower  of 
a  creamy  white ;  but  perhaps  the  best  known  of  the 
whole  group  is  LAMARQUE,  in  New  England  the  greatest 
favorite  among  greenhouse  climbers.  Its  flowers  are  of  a 
sulphur-yellow,  large  and  double ;  and  its  growth  is  very 
vigorous. 

"But  few  of  the  Noisette  roses  will  bear  seed  in  this 
country :  the  following,  however,  if  planted  against  a 
south  wall,  and  carefully  fertilized,  would  probably  pro- 
duce some.  The  object  here  should  be  to  obtain  dark 
crimson  varieties  with  large  flowers ;  and  for  this  purpose 
Fellenberg  should  be  fertilized  with  Octavie,  Solfaterre 
with  the  Tea  Rose.  Vicomtesse  Decazes  would  probably 
give  yellow  varieties ;  and  these  would  be  large  and  fra- 
grant, as  in  Lamarque  and  Jaune  Desprez.  In  these  direc- 
tions for  procuring  seed  from  roses  by  fertilizing,  I  have 
confined  myself  to  such  varieties  as  are  almost  sure  to  pro- 
duce it ;  but  much  must  be  left  to  the  amateur,  as  many 
roses  may  be  made  fertile  by  removing  their  central  petals, 
and  consequently  some  varieties  that  I  have  not  noticed 
may  be  made  productive." — Rivers. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    ROSE.  175 


Rosa  Damascena.  —  This  is  a  race  of  Damask  roses 
endowed  with  the  faculty  of  blooming  in  the  autumn. 
The  old  roses  known  as  the  Monthly  (not  the  China  roses 
so  called)  and  the  Four  Seasons  are  the  parents  of  the 
group,  though  not  without  some  infusion  of  foreign  blood. 
The  Damask  Perpetuals  are  hardy,  and  remarkable  for 
fragrance.  They  demand  rich  culture,  even  more  than 
most  other  roses;  and  the  best  of  them  with  neglect  and 
low  diet  will  bloom  but  once  in  the  year,  and  that  indif- 
ferently. On  the  other  hand,  they  repay  generous  treat- 
ment liberally,  as  some  of  them  are  as  beautiful  as  they 
are  fragrant.  American  nursery-men  usually  catalogue 
them  among  the  Hybrid  Perpetuals,  where  they  are  out  of 
place;  since  the  true  Damask  Perpetual  is  not,  in  any 
sense,  a  hybrid,  though,  as  before  mentioned,  some  foreign 
blood  has  found  its  way  into  the  family. 

The  French  rose  -grower  Vibert  has  formed  a  new 
group,  Avhich  he  calls  the  Rose  de  Trianon,  out  of  the 
Damask  Perpetuals  ;  but,  as  the  subdivision  seems  unne- 
cessary and  perplexing,  we  shall  re-annex  it-  to  the  parent 
group. 


176  DESCRIPTION   OP   THE    ROSE. 

The  following  are  good  examples  of  these  Perpetuals  : 
JOASLSE  HANET  has  deep  purplish-red  flowers,  very  showy. 
SYDONIE  bears  large  flowerfe  of  a  rose  or  bright  salmon, 
and  blooms  profusely.  YOLANDE  OF  ARAGON  has  deep- 
pink  flowers,  and  is  an  abundant  autumn  bloomer.  The 
above  belong  to  Vibert's  new  division.  The  following 
are  unquestioned  Damask :  CRIMSON,  or  ROSE  DU  Roi,  is 
of  a  bright  crimson,  very  large,  very  fragrant,  and  an  ex- 
cellent autumn  bloomer.  There  is  a  history  attached  to 
it.  Count  Lelieur  was  superintendent  of  the  royal  gardens 
of  St.  Cloud,  where  this  rose  was  raised  from  seed,  a  little 
before  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons.  He  named  it 
Rose  Lelieur,  after  himself.  When  Louis  the  Eighteenth 
came  to  the  throne,  an  officer  of  his  household  insisted 
that  the  new  rose  should  be  named  after  him.  Count 
Lelieur  resisted.  A  debate  ensued.  The  party  of  the  cour- 
tiers prevailed :  the  new  rose  was  called  the  King's  Rose, 
Hose  du  Roi ;  and  the  count  resigned  his  post  in  disgust. 
MOGADOR  is  a  seedling  from  this  rose,  and  is,  perhaps,  an 
improvement  on  it.  PORTLAND  BLANCHE  is  pure  white, 
and  blooms  well  in  autumn.  An  English  writer  sets  it 
down  as  worthless :  whence  I  infer  that  there  must  be  two 
of  the  same  name ;  for  here  it  has  proved  itself  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  white  roses.  BERNARD  is  a  small  but 


DESCEIPTION   OF  THE  ROSE.  177 

very  beautiful  rose,  of  a  clear  salmon-color,  and  is  said  to 
be  a  sport  from  the  Crimson. 

"  As  the  culture  of  this  class  of  roses,"  says  Rivers,  "  is 
at  present  but  imperfectly  understood,  I  shall  give  the 
result  of  my  experience  as  to  their  cultivation,  with  sug- 
gestions to  be  acted  upon  according  to  circumstances. 
One  peculiar  feature  they  nearly  all  possess, — a  reluctance 
to  root  when  layered :  consequently,  Perpetual  Damask 
roses,  on  their  own  roots,  will  always  be  scarce.  When  it 
is  possible  to  procure  them,  they  will  be  found  to  flourish 
much  better  on  dry,  poor  soils  than  when  budded,  as  at 
present.  These  roses  require  a  superabundant  quantity 
of  food  :  it  is  therefore  perfectly  ridiculous  to  plant  them 
on  dry  lawns,  to  suffer  the  grass  to  grow  close  up  to  their 
stems,  and  not  to  give  them  a  particle  of  manure  for  years. 
Under  these  circumstances,  the  best  varieties,  even  the 
Rose  du  Roi,  will  scarcely  ever  give  a  second  series  of 
flowers.  To  remedy  the  inimical  nature  of  dry  soils  to  this 
class  of  roses,  an  annual  application  of  manure  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil  is  quite  necessary.  The  ground  must  not 
be  dug,  but  lightly  pricked  over  with  a  fork  in  November ; 
after  which  some  manure  must  be  laid  on,  about  'two  or 
three  inches  in  depth,  which  ought  not  to  be  disturbed, 
except  to  clean  with  the  hoe  and  rake,  till  the  following 
autumn.  This,  in  some  situations,  in  the  spring  months, 
will  be  unsightly :  in  such  cases,  cover  with  some  nice 
green  moss,  as  directed  in  the  culture  of  Hybrid  China 

12 


178  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE. 

roses.  I  have  said  that  this  treatment  is  applicable  to 
dry,  poor  soils :  but,  even  in  good  rose  soils,  it  is  almost 
necessary ;  for  it  will  give  such  increased  vigor,  and  such 
a  prolongation  of  the  flowering  season,  as  amply  to  repay 
the  labor  bestowed.  If  the  soil  be  prepared  as  directed, 
they  will  twice  in  the  year  require  pruning :  in  November 
[in  March,  for  this  country'],  when  the  beds  are  dressed ; 
and  again  in  the  beginning  of  June.  In  the  Novem- 
ber pruning,  cut  off  from  every  shoot  of  the  preceding 
summer's  growth  about  two-thirds  its  length :  if  they 
are  crowded,  remove  some  of  them  entirely.  If  this 
autumnal  pruning  is  attended  to,  there  will  be,  early 
in  June  the  following  summer,  a  vast  number  of  luxu- 
riant shoots,  each  crowned  with  a  cluster  of  buds.  Now, 
as  June  roses  are  always  abundant,  a  little  sacrifice 
must  be  made  to  insure  a  fine  autumnal  bloom  :  therefore 
leave  only  half  the  number  of  shoots  to  bring  forth  their 
summer  flowers;  the  remainder  shorten  to  about  half  their 
length.  Each  shortened  branch  will  soon  put  forth  buds; 
and  in  August  and  September  the  plants  will  again  be 
covered  with  flowers.  In  cultivating  Perpetual  roses  of 
all  classes,  the  faded  flowers  ought  immediately  to  be  re- 
moved ;  for  in  autumn  the  petals  do  not  fall  off  readily, 
but  lose  their  color,  and  remain  on  the  plant,  to  the  injury 
of  the  forthcoming  buds.  Though  I  have  recommended 
them  to  be  grown  on  their  own  roots,  in  dry  soils,  yet,  on 
account  of  the  autumnal  rains  dashing  the  dirt  upon  their 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    ROSE.  179 

flowers  when  close  to  the  ground,  wherever  it  is  possible 
to  make  budded  roses  grow,  they  ought  to  be  preferred ; 
for,  on  stems  from  one  to  two  feet  in  height,  the  flowers 
will  not  be  soiled :  they  are  also  brought  near  to  the  eye, 
and  the  plant  forms  a  neat  and  pretty  object." 


Mosa  Hybrida  Bourboniensis.  —  The  China  Rose  and 
one  of  the  old  Damask  Perpetuals,  known  as  the  Red 
Four  Seasons,  have  pi-oduced  between  them  a  distinct 
family  of  hybrids  knoAvn  as  the  Bourbon  roses.  They  are 
so  called  because  they  were  originated  on  the  Isle  of 
Bourbon.  One  M.  Perichon,  an  inhabitant  of  that  island, 
in  planting  a  quantity  of  seedling  roses  raised  for  a  hedge, 
found  one  very  different  from  the  rest,  and  planted  it 
apart.  On  flowering,  it  proved  to  be  distinct  from  any 
rose  before  known.  Soon  after,  in  the  year  1817,  a  French 
botanist,  M.  Breon,  arriving  at  the  Isle  of  Bourbon  as  cura- 
tor of  the  government  botanical  garden  established  there, 
investigated  the  case  of  this  remarkable  seedling,  and 
became  convinced  that  it  was  produced  between  the  two 
species  named  above;  since  these  were  then  the  only  roses 
on  the  island,  and  both  were  freely  used  as  hedges.  M. 


180  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   ROSE. 

Breon  sent  plants  and  seeds  of  the  new  rose  to  Paris;  and 
from  these  have  sprung  the  whole  race  of  the  Bourbons, — a 
race  of  sweeter  savor  in  horticulture  than  in  history. 

They  are  remarkable  as  a  family  for  clearness  and  bright- 
ness of  color,  perfection  of  form,  and  freedom  of  autumnal 
blooming.  Some  of  them  are  quite  hardy ;  others  are  not 
so  in  New  England.  Their  growth  is  various ;  some  climb- 
ing vigorously  if  trained  to  do  so,  and  others  forming 
compact  bushes.  Abundance  of  manure,  a  deep  and  well- 
dug  soil,  and  mulching  with  newly-cut  grass  or  some  simi- 
lar substance  to  keep  them  moist  in  dry  weather,  joined 
to  judicious  pruning,  are  needed  to  bring  forth  their  beau- 
ties in  perfection.  The  stronger  growers  cannot  be  pruned 
severely  without  greatly  diminishing  the  quantity  of  their 
bloom ;  but  the  ends  of  tall,  strong  shoots  of  the  same 
season's  growth  may  be  cut  off  with  great  advantage,  thus 
checking  their  growth,  and  causing  them  to  throw  out 
small  blooming  side-shoots. 

No  roses  are  better  than  these  where  the  object  is  to 
produce  a  late  autumnal  bloom.  They  may  be  made  to 
bloom  into  the  winter  by  pinching  off  their  summer  flower- 
buds,  in  order  that  they  may  not  exhaust  themselves  in 
that  season,  and  by  sheltering  them  from  the  frost.  For 
forcing,  they  are  unsurpassed. 


DESCRIPTION   OP   THE  EOSE.  181 

Some  of  the  most  vigorous  varieties  would  make  gor- 
geous pillar-roses,  provided  pains  were  taken,  to  lay  them 
flat,  and  cover  them  with  earth  every  winter.  Without 
protection,  they  would  suffer  severely  in  the  Northern 
States. 

ACTDALIE  was,  till  recently,  the  only  white  Bourbon ;  yet 
it  is  not  pure  white,  but  has  a  tinge  of  blush.  Of  late, 
another  white  Bourbon  has  been  added,  —  BLANCHE 
LAFITTE,  —  which  is  also  faintly  tinged  with  flesh-color. 
ADELAIDE  BOUGERE  is  of  a  rich  velvety  purple.  Du- 
PETIT  THOTTARS  is  of  a  vivid  crimson,  large  and  double. 
GEORGE  PEABODY  is  of  a  purplish  -  crimson.  LOUISE 
ODIER  is  a  rose  of  very  vigorous  growth,  and  one  of  the 
hardier  members  of  the  family :  its  flowers  are  of  a  bright 
rose-color,  of  a  beautiful  cupped  form ;  and  it  has  a  ten- 
dency to  bloom  in  clusters.  PRINCE  ALBERT  is  still 
hardier.  Its  color  is  a  brilliant  crimson-scarlet,  and  its 
autumn  bloom  is  abundant.  SIR  JOSEPH  PAXTON  is  of 
a  bright  rose-color,  tinged  with  crimson:  its  growth  is 
exceedingly  vigorous;  and,  with  moderate  protection, 
it  will  bear  our  winters.  SOUVENIR  DE  LA  MALMAISON  is 
unsuqwsscd  among  roses.  It  is  very  large,  and  beautifully 
formed.  It  is  of  a  light,  transparent  flesh-color;  and  no 
rose  is  more  admired  in  a  greenhouse.  It  will  also  thrive 


182  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   ROSE. 

in  tbe  open  air,  and,  when  the  soil  is  well  drained,  may 
safely  .fee  trusted  to  bear  a  New-England  winter,  provided 
it  is  covered  with  earth.  In  a  wet  soil,  it  is  usually  killed. 
VORACE  is  of  a  dark  purplish-crimson,  and,  like  the  last 
named,  only  partially  hardy.  HERJIOSA,  or  ARMOSA,  re- 
sembles a  China  rose  in  the  character  and  abundance  of 
its  bloom.  None  surpasses  it  for  forcing. 

The  above  will  serve  as  favorable  examples  of  the  best 
types  of  this  group. 

"  I  hope  in  a  few  years  to  see  Bourbon  roses  in  every 
garden ;  for  '  the  Queen  of  Flowers '  boasts  no  member  of 
her  court  more  beautiful.  Their  fragrance  also  is  delicate 
and  pleasing,  more  particularly  in  the  autumn.  They  ought 
to  occupy  a  distinguished  place  in  the  autumnal  rose-gar- 
den, in  clumps  or  beds,  as  standards  and  as  pillars.  In 
any  and  in  all  situations,  they  must  and  will  please.  To 
insure  a  very  late  autumnal  bloom,  a  collection  of  dwarf 
standards,  i.  e.  stems  one  to  two  feet  in  height,  should  be 
potted  in  large  pots,  and,  during  summer,  watered  with 
manure-water,  and  some  manure  kept  on  the  surface. 
Towards  the  end  of  September  or  the  middle  of  October, 
if  the  weather  be  wet,  they  may  be  placed  under  glass. 
They  will  bloom  in  fine  perfection  even  as  late  as  Novem- 
ber  

"  It  is  difficult  to  point  out  roses  of  this  family  that  bear 
seed  freely,  except  the  Common  Bourbon ;  but  Acidalie, 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  183 

planted  against  a  south  wall,  would  probably  give  some 
seed.*  If  any  pollen  can  be  found,  it  might  be  fertilized 
with  the  flowers  of  Julie  do  Loynes.  A  pure  white  and 
true  Bourbon  Rose  ought  to  be  the  object:  therefore  it 
should  not  be  hybridized  with  any  other  species.  Bouquet 
de  Flore  may  be  planted  against  a  south  wall  with  Me- 
noux,  with  which  it  should  be  carefully  fertilized :  some 
interesting  varieties  may  be  expected  from  seed  thus  pro- 
duced. Queen  of  the  Bourbons,  planted  with  the  yellow 
China  Rose,  might  possibly  give  some  seeds;  but  those 
would  not  produce  true  Bourbon  roses,  as  the  former  is  a 
hybrid,  partaking  of  the  qualities  of  the  Tea-scented  roses. 
Anne  Beluze,  planted  with  Madame  Nerard,  would  give 
seed  from  which  some  very  delicate  Blush  roses  might  be 
raised ;  and  Le  Florifere,  fertilized  with  the  Common 
Bourbon,  would  also  probably  produce  seed  worthy  of 
attention."  —  Rivers. 


We  reach,  at  length,  the  vast  family  of  the  Hybrid  Per- 
petuals,  —  a  race  of  brilliant  parvenus,  which,  within  the 
last  twenty-five  years,  have  risen  to  throw  other  roses  into 

*  In  America,  several  varieties  bear  seed  well.  Sir  Joseph  Paxton 
rarely  fails,  and  is  a  very  good  subject  for  experiment.  The  varieties 
named  above  by  Mr.  Rivers  are  not,  for  the  most  part,  of  the  first  merit. 


184  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  ROSE. 

the  shade.  As  we  look  upon  them,  we  survey  a  gor- 
geous chaos.  Here  are  innumerable  varieties  of  foliage 
and  flower,  perplexing  us  in  our  search  for  genealogies 
and  relationships.  All  of  them,  however,  have,  as  a  basis, 
some  hardy,  once-blooming  rose,  with  which  has  been  min- 
gled the  blood  of  one,  and  often  of  many,  of  the  ever- 
blooming  roses,  in  sufficient  proportion  to  impart  some  of 
their  qualities  of  autumnal  flowering.  Many  of  the  Hy- 
brid Perpetuals  have,  as  their  basis,  the  Hybrid  China 
Rose,  already  described  under  the  head  of  the  summer 
roses.  This,  as  we  have  seen,  blooms  but  once;  but 
when  crossed  with  the  China,  Tea,  Bourbon,  Damask 
Perpetual,  or  several  of  these  combined,  it  becomes 
capable  of  blooming  in  the  autumn,  without  losing  its 
hardiness.  Such,  then,  is  the  origin  of  this  group ;  and  the 
diversity  of  its  characteristics  answers  to  the  diversity  of 
its  parentage.  Thus  two  roses  can  scarcely  be  more  un- 
like than  Baronne  Prevost  and  the  Giant  of  Battles,  or 
La  Reine  and  Arthur  de  Sansal.  In  Baronne  Provost  and 
La  Reine,  the  hardier  and  more  vigorous  elements  prevail ; 
and  they  probably  owe  their  ever-blooming  qualities  to  an 
infusion  of  the  Damask  Perpetual,  rather  than  of  the  more 
tender  China  roses.  In  the  Giant  of  Battles  and  Arthur 
de  Sansaly  on  the  contrary,  the  China  and  Bourbon  ele- 


DESCRIPTION   OP   THE   ROSE.  185 

ments  are  very  apparent ;  and,  while  these  roses  are  excel- 
lent autumn  bloomers,  they  are  much  less  hardy  and 
vigorous  than  the  other  two. 

M.  Laffay,  in  his  garden  at  Bellevue,  a  few  miles  from 
Paris,  may  be  said  to  have  laid  the  foundations  of  the  Hy- 
brid Perpetual  family.  Indeed,  to  a  great  extent,  he  created 
it;  having  originated  a  great  number  of  beautiful  roses, 
some  of  which  none  of  the  more  recent  productions 
have  been  able  in  the  least  degree  to  eclipse.  Laffay's 
roses  were  chiefly  of  the  hardier  and  stronger  type,  with 
La  Reine,  which  was  produced  about  the  year  1840,  at 
their  head. 

From  the  motley  character  of  the  group,  the  lines  that 
separate  it  from  the  Bourbon  and  from  some  other  families 
cannot  be  definitely  drawn;  and  there  are  certain  varieties 
which  always  hold  an  equivocal  position,  being  sometimes 
placed  with  one  group,  and  sometimes  with  another. 

These  Perpetuals  differ  greatly  in  the  freedom  of  their 
autumn  blooming;  some  giving  a  second  and  third  crop  of 
flowers  in  abundance ;  while  others  will  not  bloom  at  all 
after  midsummer,  except  under  careful  and  skilful  treat- 
ment. All  require  rich  culture  and  good  pruning.  When 
an  abundant  autumn  bloom  is  required,  a  portion  of  the 
June  bloom  must  be  sacrificed  by  cutting  back  about  half 


186  DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE. 

the  flower-stems  to  three  or  four  eyes  as  soon  as  the 
flower-buds  form.  When  the  flowers  fade,  these  also 
should  be  cut  off  with  the  stems  that  bear  them,  in  a 
similar  manner.  The  formation  of  the  seed-vessels,  by 
employing  the  vitality  of  the  plant,  tends  greatly  to  dimin- 
ish its  autumn  bloom.  Give  additional  manure  every 
year,  and  keep  the  ground  open,  and  free  of  weeds.  If 
rank,  strong  shoots,  full  of  redundant  sap,  form  in  summer, 
check  their  disproportioned  growth  by  cutting  off  their 
tops. 

In  the  North,  these  roses  are  better  for  a  little  winter 
protection,  such  as  earthing  them  up  at  the  base,  or  thrust- 
ing pine-boughs  into  the  soil  among  them.  They  may 
with  great  advantage  be  taken  up  as  often  as  once  in  three 
years,  and  replanted  after  two  or  three  shovelfuls  of  old 
manure  have  been  dug  into  the  soil,  which,  at  the  same 
time,  should  be  forked  to  the  greatest  possible  depth.  In- 
deed, it  does  them  no  harm  to  replant  them  yearly :  on 
the  contrary,  they  generally  bloom  the  better  for  it. 

An  excellent  way  to  preserve  them  during  winter,  when 
they  have  been  taken  out  of  the  ground,  is  to  bury  them, 
root  and  branch,  in  earth.  The  earth  for  this  purpose 
should  not  be  very  moist.  The  place  selected  should  be 
sheltered  and  dry;  the  latter  point  being  of  the  last 


DESCRIPTION    OP   THE   ROSE.  187 

importance.  The  roses  may  be  tied  in  bundles,  and  the 
earth  thrown  over  them  to  the  depth  of  six  inches  or 
more,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  shed  the  rain  and  snow ;  and 
if  a  few  boards  are  placed  over  it,  in  a  sloping  position,  it 
will  be  so  much  the  better.  In  this  way,  all  the  half- 
hardy  roses,  and  many  of  those  regarded  as  the  most  ten- 
der, can  be  safely  wintered  in  the  coldest  parts  of  New 
England. 

It  is  to  the  family  of  Hybrid  Perpetuals  that  the  French 
rose-growers  have  given  their  chief  attention.  Hence  an 
enormous  multiplication  of  varieties,  every  year  bringing 
forth  a  new  brood,  perplexing  us  with  their  numbers,  and 
by  the  clamor  with  which  the  merits  of  each  and  all  are 
proclaimed  by  their  respective  originators.  Some  of  these 
new  roses  are  unsurpassed  in  beauty,  and  deserve  all  that 
can  be  said  of  them.  Yet  thoroughly  to  establish  the 
character  of  a  rose  requires  several  years,  —  not  less  than 
six,  according  to  the  eminent  French  rose-grower,  M. 
Jules  Margottin :  therefore  it  is  impossible  to  speak  with 
entire  confidence  of  these  novelties.  I  shall  begin  with 
roses  of  well-established  merit,  which  have  been  for  years 
in  cultivation  here.  Of  the  rest,  which  have  had  not  more 
than  a  season's  trial,  mention  will  be  made  afterwards. 

LA  REIXE  is  perhaps  entitled  to  the  first  mention,  as  it 


188  DESCRIPTION  OP  THE   ROSE. 

was  one*  of  the  first  in  its  origin,  and  has  never  since  lost 
ground.  It  varies  very  much  in  quality  with  circumstances 
of  soil  and  cultivation,  and  in  its  color  is  surpassed 
by  many  other  roses.  Its  very  large  size  when  well  grown, 
its  fine  form  and  perfect  hardiness,  are  its  points  of  merit. 
It  is  the  mother  of  a  numerous  progeny,  among  which 
AUGUSTE  MLE  is  one  of  the  best,  growing  very  vigorously, 
and  bearing  flowers  equal  to  those  of  its  parent  in  beauty 
of  form,  and  superior  in  delicacy  of  color.  They  are  of  a 
fine  rose-color,  several  shades  lighter  than  that  of  La 
Reine.  LOUISE  PEYROXXEY,  also,  in  many  respects,  sur- 
passes her  parent;  and  is  a  rose  of  great  beauty,  though 
scarcely  so  vigorous  as  La  Reine.  BAROXXE  PREVOST  is 
another  hardy  and  vigorous  rose,  of  a  type  wholly  differ- 
ent :  it  grows  with  great  vigor,  bears  the  rudest  winter, 
and,  both  in  June  and  in  the  autumnal  months^  yields  an 
abundance  of  large,  very  double  flowers  of  a  light  rose- 
color.  Pius  IX.  has  the  same  vigor  of  constitution,  and 
the  same  abundant  bloom :  its  flowers  are  of  a  deep  rose, 
tinged  with  crimson.  DR.  ARNOLD  is  of  a  deeper  color, 
approaching  to  crimson,  and  is  one  of  the  best  autumn 
bloomers.  MADAME  BOLL  is  a  superb  rose,  very  vigorous, 
very  hardy,  and  very  double.  L'ExFAifT  DU  MX.  CARMEL 
somewhat  resembles  it,  but  grows  and  blooms  more  freely : 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE.  189 

its  color  is  a  rosy  crimson.  JULES  MARGOTTIN  has  no 
superior  in  its  way :  it  is  of  a  clear,  rosy-crimson  color, 
and  its  half-opened  buds  are  especially  beautiful.  TRI- 
OMPHE  DE  L'EXPOSITION  is  of  a  deep  crimson ;  and  SOUVE- 
NIR DE  LA  HEINE  D'ANGLETERRE,  of  a  bright  rose :  both 
are  very  vigorous  and  very  effective.  GENERAL  JACQUE- 
MINOT is  of  a  fine  crimson,  and,  though  not  perfectly 
double,  is,  nevertheless,  one  of  the  most  splendid  of  roses. 
Its  size,  under  good  culture,  is  immense.  It  is  a  strong 
grower  and  abundant  bloomer,  and  glows  like  a  firebrand 
among  the  paler  hues  around  it.  It  is  one  of  the  hardier 
kinds,  and  is  easily  managed.  Its  offspring  are  innumer- 
able. The  greater  part  of  the  new  roses  of  the  last  year 
or  two  own  it  as  a  parent,  and  inherit  some  of  its  qualities. 
Of  its  older  progeny,  TRIOMPHE  DES  BEAUX  ARTS  and  the 
.ORIFLAMME  DE  ST.  Louis  may  be  mentioned  with  honor. 
The  last,  especially,  is  a  very  brilliant  rose.  Among  other 
deep-colored  roses  are  TRIOMPHE  DE  PARIS,  GLOIRE  DE 
SANTENAY,  and  GENERAL  WASHINGTON;  the  last  a  seed- 
ling from  Triomphe  de  1'Exposition.  It  is  a  new  rose; 
but  there  can  be  little  doubt  of  its  merit. 

Perhaps  no  rose  among  the  Hybrid  Perpetuals  has  been 
so  famous,  and  so  much  praised,  as  the  GIANT  OF  BATTLES; 
but  we  cannot  fully  echo  the  commendations  bestowed 


190  DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE. 

upon  it.  All  the  roses  just  named  are  hardy,  vigorous, 
and  of  easy  culture,  available  to  the  half-practised  amateur 
as  well  as  to  the  experienced  cultivator.  But  the  class  of 
Hybrid  Perpetuals  of  which  the  Giant  of  Battles  is  the 
type,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  the  parent,  requires  more  skill 
and  precaution  for  successful  culture.  They  are  all  more 
or  less  liable  to  mildew.  "I  can  do  nothing  with  the 
Giant,  because  the  mildew  destroys  it,"  a  well-known 
nursery-man  writes  me.  Besides  this  tendeuc}',  it  is  by 
no  means  of  the  vigorous  growth  which  the  catalogues  of 
nursery-men  commonly  ascribe  to  it.  Its  flowers,  how- 
ever, are  very  brilliant,  and,  in  a  favorable  season,  are  pro- 
duced in  abundance.  In  color,  they  resemble  those  of 
General  Jacqueminot.  Some  of  the  seedlings  raised  from 
them  are  much  darker;  and  among  these  may  be  men- 
tioned ARTHUR  DE  SAXSAL,  CARDINAL  PATEIZZI,  and  the 
EMPEROR  OF  MOROCCO.  LORD  RAGLAX  is  one  of  the  very 
finest  flowers  of  this  section ;  and  the  plant  is  more  vigor- 
ous, and  less  liable  to  mildew,  than  the  rest  of  the  group. 

The  following  are  of  the  lighter  and  more  delicate 
shades:  CAROLINE  DE  SAXSAL  is  of  a  clear  flesh-color, 
large,  full,  and  of  a  vigorous,  hardy  constitution.  MADAME 
YIDOT  is,  when  in  perfection,  an  exquisite  rose,  of  a  trans- 
parent, waxy,  flesh  color,  and  formed  like  a  camellia:  it 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    ROSE.  191 

has  not  proved  hardy  here,  and  has  suffered  severely  every 
winter.  QUEEX  VICTORIA  is  of  a  better  constitution  :  it 
is  white,  shaded  with  pink.  WILLIAM  GRIFFITHS  is  an 
old  and  excellent  rose,  of  a  peculiar  light  satin  rose-color : 
.it  rarely  suffers  from  the  winter.  VIRGINAL  is  pure  white. 
LA  MERE  DE  ST.  Lotus  is  of  a  waxy  flesh-color,  and, 
though  not  very  full,  is  distinct  and  beautiful.  MADAME 
RIVERS  is  of  a  very  light  rose.  COMTESSE  DE  CHABRIL- 
LANT  is  of  a  clear  pink,  and  very  fine.  MADAME  KXORR 
is  of  a  somewhat  deeper  shade,  and  singularly  beautiful  in 
bud.  LOUISE  MAGNAN  and  DE.  HEXON  may,  with  Vir- 
ginal, in  the  absence  of  better,  represent  the  white  Hybrid 
Perpetuals,  —  a  color  in  which  this  class  is  very  defi- 
cient ;  while  a  yellow  or  buff  rose  is  as  yet  unknown  in  it, 
although  it  is  said  that  such  an  one  has  been  produced, 
and  will  soon  be  "  brought  out." 

The  following  are  a  selection  from  the  new  roses ;  and, 
though  their  merits  have  not  as  yet  been  tried  by  the  test 
of  time,  there  can  be  very  little  doubt  that  all  of  them  will 
prove  of  the  highest  merit :  — 

MAURICE  BERXARDIX  is  of  a  bright  vermilion,  very 
large  and  full.  CHARLES  LEFEBVRE  is  of  a  bright  crimson, 
purplish  at  the  centre,  and  seems  an  admirable  rose.  MRS. 
WILLIAM  PAUL  is  of  a  violet-red,  shaded  with  crimson. 


192  DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE. 

MADAME  CLEMENCE  JOIGNEAUX  is  of  a  red  and  lilac  color, 
and  grows  with  great  vigor.  LORD  MACATJLAY  is  of  a 
rich  scarlet-crimson  :  a  bloom  of  it  is  now  before  me, 
cut  here,  in  the  open  air,  on  the  22d  of  October. 
SCEUR  DES  ANGES  owes  its  singular  name  to  the  delicacy 
of  its  tint,  —  a  soft  flesh-color;  yet  the  habit  of  the  plant  is 
vigorous,  and  it  seems  of  a  hardy  nature.  Due  DE  ROHAN 
is  red,  shaded  with  vermilion.  BEAUTY  OF  WALTHAM, 
an  English  seedling  like  Lord  Macaulay,  is  of  a  bright 
carmine,  and  blooms  profusely.  MADAME  FURTADO  is 
very  large,  fragrant,  and  double :  its  color  is  a  light 
rosy-crimson.  LE  RHONE  is  of  a  brilliant  and  deep  ver- 
milion. Due  DE  GAZES  is  of  a  purplish  crimson,  so  deep 
as  almost  to  appear  black.  PRESIDENT  LINCOLN  is  cherry- 
red.  PRINCESS  OP  WALES  is  a  recent  seedling  of  Mr. 
William  Paul,  the  English  rose-grower;  and,  though  I 
have  not  yet  seen  it  in  flower,  it  is  so  highly  extolled  by 
an  English  amateur,  that  I  mention  it  here.  It  is  of  a 
bright  crimson,  with  thick 'and  firm  petals,  and  said  to  be 
very  hardy.  SENATEUR  VAISSE  is  of  a  brilliant  red,  and 
has  found  numerous  admirers.  VICTOR  YERDIER  is  car- 
mine, shaded  with  purple,  large  and  showy.  LOUISE  MAR- 
GOTTIN  is  of  a  delicate,  glossy  rose-color,  beautifully 
formed;  and,  though  marked  of  moderate  growth  on 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE    ROSE.  193 

foreign  catalogues,  it  has  grown  with  uncommon  vigor 
here.  PRINCE  CAMILLE  DE  ROHAX  is  of  a  deep  maroon 
approaching  crimson.  It  is  very  large  and  fall. 

The  above  comprise  the  flowers  of  most  brilliant  prom- 
ise among  the  recent  novelties.  Many  others  will  be 
mentioned  in  the  supplementary  list. 

The  Hybrid  Perpetuals  combine  merits  so  numerous 
and  so  brilliant,  that  they  are  rapidly  driving  out  of  culti- 
vation many  roses  once  in  the  highest  esteem.  Indeed, 
with  the  exception  of  Moss  roses,  and  some  of  the  Teas, 
Noisettes,  and  Bourbons,  none  seem  likely  to  maintain 
their  ground  before  these  gorgeous  upstarts,  some  of 
which  are  as  robust  as  they  are  beautiful.  Their  beauties, 
however,  depend  greatly  on  their  culture ;  and  this  is  true 
of  all  roses.  A  rose  which,  under  indifferent  treatment, 
will  be  passed  unnoticed,  puts  on,  in  the  hands  of  a  good 
cultivator,  its  robes  of  royalty,  and  challenges  from  all 
beholders  the  homage  due  to  the  Queen  of  Flowers. 

In  conclusion,  the  amateur  will  do  well  to  make  this  his 
golden  rule :  Cultivate  none  but  the  best,  and  cultivate 
them  thoroughly.  Thoroughness  is  at  the  bottom  of  all 
horticultural  success. 

"  Raising  new  varieties  of  this  family  from  seed  presents 
an  extensive  field  of  interest  to  the  amateur ;  for  we  have 

13 


194  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE   ROSE. 

yet  to  add  to  our  catalogues  pure  white  and  yellow  and 
fawn-colored  Hybrid  Perpetuals :  and  these,  I  anticipate, 
will  be  the  reward  of  those  who  persevere.  Monsieur 
Laffay,  by  persevering  through  two  or  three  generations, 
obtained  a  mossy  Hybrid  Bourbon  rose,  and  many  of  the 
finest  varieties  described  in  the  foregoing  pages.  This  in- 
formation will,  I  trust,  be  an  incentive  to  amateurs  in  this 
country.  To  illustrate  this,  I  may  here  remark,  that  a 
yellow  Ayrshire  Rose,  now  a  desideratum,  must  not  be 
expected  from  the  first  trial ;  but  pi'obably  a  climbing  rose, 
tinged  with  yellow  or  buff,  may  be  the  fruit  of  the  first 
crossing.  This  variety  must  again  be  crossed  with  a 
yellow  rose :  the  second  generation  will,  perhaps,  be 
nearer  the  end  wished  for.  Again :  the  amateur  must 
bring  perseverance  and  skill  into  action ;  and  then,  if  in 
the  third  generation  a  bright  yellow  climbing  rose  be 
obtained,  its  possession  will  amply  repay  the  labor  be- 
stowed. But  these  light  gardening  operations  are  not 
labor :  they  are  a  delightful  amusement  to  a  refined  mind, 
and  lead  it  to  reflect  on  the  wonderful  infinities  of  Xature. 
"Madame  Laffay  is  an  excellent  seed-bearing  rose:  this 
may  be  fertilized  with  the  Bourbon  Gloire  de  Rosomenes 
and  with  Comte  Bobrinsky.  Dr.  Marx  may  be  crossed 
with  the  Bourbon  Paul  Joseph  and  with  the  Bourbon  Le 
Grenadier.  These  should  all  be  planted  against  a  south 
wall,  so  that  their  flowers  expand  at  the  same  time  ;  and 
they  will  probably  give  some  fine  autumnal  roses,  brilliant 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  195 

in  color,  and  very  double.  For  fawn-colored,  or  yellowish 
and  white  roses,  Duchess  of  Sutherland  may  be  fertilized 
with  the  Tea-scented  roses  Victoria  and  Safrano.  These 
must  all  have  a  south  wall.  These  hints  may  possibly  be 
considered  meagre  and  incomplete ;  but  I  trust  it  will  be 
seen  how  much  depends  upon  the  enterprise  and  taste  of 
the  cultivator."  —  Rivers. 


Rosa  Bracteata. —  The  original  species  was  brought  to 
England  from  China  by  Lord  Macartney  in  1795.  The 
varieties  are  few,  and  very  distinct  in  appearance  from 
other  roses.  The  leaves  are  small,  and  of  a  deep  shining 
green.  This  rose  is  not  hardy,  even  in  England;  at  least, 
the  old  varieties  of  it  are  not  so :  but  one  has  lately  been 
sent  me,  under  the  formidable  appellation  of  ROSA  BRAC- 
TEATA ALBA  VEXTTSTA,  which  is  reported  to  have  proved 
hardy  in  New  Jersey. 

The  Macartney  roses  are  of  a  climbing  habit,  and  ever- 
green. 

ALBA  ODORATA  is  white,  with  a  yellow  centre.  The 
flowers  are  double.  ALBA  SIMPLEX  is  a  single  white. 
MARIA  LEO^IDA  is  white,  with  a  blush  centre,  and  is  the 


196  DESCRIPTION   OP   THE   ROSE. 

best  of  the  group.  There  is  a  hybrid  rose  raised  by  M. 
Hardy,  of  the  Luxembourg  Garden,  and  known  by  the 
name  of  BERBEEIFOLIA  HABDII.  From  its  resemblance 
to  this  division,  it  is  commonly  placed  with  it,  though 
not  properly  belonging  here.  It  is  a  pretty  rose,  with 
bright  yellow  flowers,  marked  with  a  chocolate  spot 
in  the  centre;  but  it  is  not  hardy,  nor  is  it  easy  of. 
culture. 


Mosa  Lcevigata.  —  No  foreign  work  on  the  Rose  in- 
cludes this  species  among  those  held  worthy  of  culture ; 
yet  in  our  Southern  States,  where  it  is  naturalized,  it  is 
singularly  beautiful.  In  the  North  it  is  not  hardy,  though 
the  root  commonly  survives  the  winter,  while  the  stem 
and  branches  are  destroyed.  It  comes  originally  from 
China.  Its  shoots  and  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  Bank- 
sia  Rose;  the  former  being  long,  pendulous,  and  graceful, 
and  the  latter  of  the  most  vivid  green.  Its  flowers  are 
single,  very  large,  and  of  the  purest  waxy  white,  in  the 
midst  of  which  appears  the  bright  yellow  of  the  clustering 
stamens.  Its  long,  slender,  tapering  buds  are  unsurpassed 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE.  197 

in  beauty.  It  thrives  admirably  in  a  cool  greenhouse, 
climbing  with  a  rampant  growth  over  the  rafters,  and  giv- 
ing forth  a  profusion  of  flowers  through  the  greater  part 
of  the  winter.  Unlike  all  the  other  roses  described  in 
this  book,  it  is  a  species  in  its  original,  undeveloped 
state,  and,  as  such,  offers  a  tempting  subject  for  the  art 
of  the  hybridist. 


Rosa  Microphylla.  —  This  is  an  introduction  within 
the  present  century  from  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  and  is 
rather  a  curiosity  than  an  ornament.  The  leaves  are  veiy 
small  and  very  numerous;  and,  by  a  curious  freak  of 
Nature,  all  the  spines  seem  gathered  together  on  the  calyx, 
or  outer  covering  of  the  flower-buds.  The  original  vari- 
ety, MICROPHYLLA  RTTBEA,  is  perhaps  the  best.  Among 
others  may  be  named  CARNEA,  COCCINEA,  ROSEA,  and 
PURPUREA. 

There  is  a  rose,  commonly  sold  under  the  name  of 
MICROPHYLLA  RUGOSA,  which  is  very  desirable  from  the 
abundance  of  its  autumnal  bloom,  and  from  its  hardy 
nature  ;  a  point  in  which  it  differs  from  the  true  Micro- 


198  DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   ROSE. 

phyllas.      It  grows  vigorously,  and  in   autumn   blooms 
profusely  in  large  clusters  of  purplish-red  flowers. 


JKosa  Centifolia.  —  This  is  a  group  of  Moss  roses  to 
which,  by  hybridization,  has  been  communicated  some  of 
the  character  of  the  autumn-blooming  roses.  The  power 
of  repeated  blooming  has,  however,  in  some  cases,  been 
acquired  at  the  expense  of  the  distinctive  characteristic  of 
the  Moss  Rose  ;  and  few  of  this  group  are  so  well  mossed 
as  the  parent  to  which  they  owe  their  name.  One  of  the 
best  is  SALET,  which  is  of  a  bright  rose-color,  tolerably 
well  mossed,  a  vigorous  grower,  and  an  excellent  autumn 
bloomer.  MADAME  EDOUABD  ORY  is  of  a  somewhat 
brighter  hue,  but  by  no  means  equal  in  vigor.  The  PER- 
PETUAL WHITE  Moss  is  better  deserving  of  the  name  of 
Moss  than  either  of  the  others.  It  is  double,  blooms  in 
clusters,  and  grows  vigorously.  Besides  these,  there  are 
many  other  varieties,  most  of  them  indifferent. 

These  roses  require  the  same  culture  with  the  Hybrid 
Perpetuals.  Their  power  of  autumnal  blooming  is  in- 
creased by  high  enrichment  and  frequent  transplanting. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   THE   ROSE.  199 


Rosa  Spinosissima. — The  Perpetual  Scotch  is  a  group 
of  the  well-known  Scotch  roses,  endowed,  probably  by 
hybridization,  with  a  power  of  blooming  twice  or  more  in 
the  year.  None  of  them  are  of  much  value  except  STAN- 
WELL,  which  is  of  a  blush  color,  double,  prettily  cupped, 
and  very  fragrant. 

Here  closes  our  list  of  Autumnal  roses,  and  with  it  our 
book.  In  conclusion,  we  would  remind  the  cultivator, 
that  although,  even  under  neglect  and  scorn,  the  Rose  has 
smiles  for  all,  it  is  only  to  a  loving  and  constant  suitor 
that  she  clothes  herself  in  all  her  beauty.  Among  all  the 
flowers  of  our  gardens,  none  is  more  grateful  for  a  careful 
attention,  and  none  more  abundantly  rewards  it. 


ROSES 


MOST    APPROVED    BY    THE    BEST    CULTIVATORS    OF 
THE    PRESENT    DAY, 


ADD1TIOS   TO 


Those  already  mentioned  under  their  respective  Classes. 


PROVENCE   ROSES. 

MADAME  HENRIETTE,  ROSY-PINK,  VERY  LARGE  AJTD  BEAUTIFUL. 
MADAME  L'ABBEY,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGK  AND  FULL. 
ROYAL,  PALE  PINK,  GLOBULAR  AND  LARGE,  VERY  FINE. 
WHITE  PROVENCE,  PURE  WHITE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 


MOSS  ROSES. 

ADELE  PA  VIE,  BLUSH. 

ARISTIDES,  BRIGHT  CRIMSON. 

ARTHUR  YONG. 

..ETNA,  BRILLIANT  CRIMSON,  TINTED  WITH  PURPLE. 

FELICITE  BOHAIN,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

GRACILIS,  OR  PROLIFIC,  DEEP  PIXK,  FREE  BLOOMER,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

HENRI  MARTIN,  SHADED  VELVETY  CARMINE,  GOOD. 

JAMES  MITCHELL,  ROSE-SHADED,  FULL. 

JOHN  CRANSTON,  CRIMSON-SHADED,  FULL. 

JULIE  DE  MERSENT,  ROSE,  SHADED  WITH  BLUSH. 

LATONE,  BLUSH,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MARIE  DE  BLOIS,  ROSY-LILAC,  LARGE  AND  FULL- 

201 


202  LIST  OF   ROSES. 

MADAME  DE  LA  KOCHELAMBERT,  AMARANTH,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
POMPON  (Moss  DE  MEAUX),  BLUSH,  PEACH  CENTRE,  PRETTY,  SMALL  AND 

FULL. 

PRINCESS  ALICE,  BLUSH,  PINK  CENTRE. 
PRINCESSE  ROYALE,  SALMON-FLESH,  FULL,  FINE  FORM. 
PRINCESSE  DE  VAUDEMONT,  PINK,  GOOD. 
PURPUREA  RUBRA,  PURPLE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
REINE  BLANCHE,  PURE  WHITE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
UNIQUE,  PURE  WHITE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
WILLIAM  LOBB,  VELVETY-LAKE,  VERY  DISTINCT. 

DAMASK   ROSES. 

CALYPSO,  SHADED  PINK,  LARGE  AND  GOOD. 

COLUMELLA,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE,  FULL. 

HELVETIUS,  SHADED  ROSY-CRLMSON,  VERY  LARGE  AND  GOOD. 

MARIQUITA,  WHITE,  LIGHTLY  SHADED,  BEAUTIFUL. 


ALBA    ROSES. 

BLANCHEFLEUR,  WHITE. 

BLUSH  HIP,  DELICATE  BLUSH,  EXQUISITE  IN  BUD,  FULL. 

PRINCESSE  LAMBALLE,  WHITE. 

GALLICA  ROSES 

ASPASIE,  BEAUTIFUL  FLESH,  CHANGING  TO  BLUSH,  BINE  FORM. 
BARON'  CUVIER,  ROSY-CRIMSON,  GOOD  SHAPE. 
BIZARRE  MARBREE,  MOTTLED  CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  VERY  FINE. 
COLONEL  COOMBES,  LIGHT  CRIMSON,  SHADED  WITH  PURPLE,  VERY  LARC:E 

AND  FULL. 

COMTE  PLATER,  CREJAMY-BLUSH,  SPLENDID. 

COMTESSE  DE  SEGUR,  PALE  FLESH,  CLEAR  AND  BEAUTIFUL,  FULL,  FINE. 

DOCTEUR  DEILTHEIM,  ROSE,  OFTEN  SHADED  WITH  PURPLE,  VERY  LARGE 

AND  FULL. 

LA  CALAISIENNE,  DELICATE  PINK,  LARGE  AND  BEAUTIFUL. 

LA  VlLLE  DE  LONDRES,  SHADED  ROSE,  VERY  LARGE  AND  GOOD. 


LIST   OF   ROSES.  203 

LA  VOLUPTF.,  OR  LETITIA,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

Louis  PHILIPPE,  PINKISH-BLUSH,  LIGHT  MARGIN. 

MADAME  DUBERRY,  MOTTLED  CRIMSON-LAKE. 

PRINCE  REGENT,  DEEP  ROSE,  SUPERB,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

WILLIAM  TELL,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  EDGES  BLUSH,  VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

HYBRID  CHINA  ROSES. 

COMTE  BOUBERT,  LIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  VERY  DOUBLE. 

COMTESSE  LACEPEDE,  SILVERY-BLUSH,  FLESH  CENTRE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

COMTESSE  MOLE,  DELICATE  ROSY-PINK,  BEAUTIFUL. 

£LISE  MERCCEUR,  PALE-SHADED  ROSE,  BEAUTIFUL. 

FlMBRIATA,  ROSY-CRIMSON,  PETALS  FRINGED  AT  EDGES. 

FREDERICK  THE  SECOND,  RICH  CRIMSON-PURPLE,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 

GENEEAL  ALLARD,  FINE  DEEP  ROSE,  VERY  DOUBLE. 

GENERAL  LAMORICI&RE,  ROSE,  FINE  FORM,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FINE. 

GREAT  WESTERN,  BRIGHT  REDDISH-CRIMSON,  BEAUTIFUL. 

JENNY,  MOTTLED  ROSY-PINK. 

JUNO,  PALE  ROSE,  BLUSH  EDGES,  VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

LADY  STUART,  SILVERY-BLUSH,  FINE  FORM,  MEDIUM  AND  FULL. 

MADELINE  (EMMELINE),  PALE  FLESH,  EDGED  WITH  CRIMSON,  BEAUTIFUL, 

LARGE,  AND  VERY  DOUBLE.     • 
NATHALIE  DANIEL,  PINK,  FINE. 
PERFECTION,  DELICATE  PINK,  FINE  FORM. 
STADTHOLDER,  SHADED  PINK,  VERY  GOOD. 

TRIOMPHE  EN  BEAUTE,  DEEP-SHADED  ROSE,  GLOBULAR  AND  BEAUTIFUL. 
TRIOMPHE  DE  LAQUEUE,  PURPLISH-ROSE,  LARGE  AND  SPLENDID. 
WILLIAM  JESSE,  PURPLISH-CRIMSON,  TINGED  WITH  LILAC,  SUPERB,  VERY 

LARGE  AND  VERY  DOUBLE. 


AUTUMNAL  EOSES. 

CHINA   ROSES. 
ABBfi  MlOLAND,  FINE  CRIMSON-RED,  GOOD. 

ANTHEROS,  CREAMY-WHITE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 


204  LIST   OF  ROSES. 

BELLE  DE  FLORENCE,  LIGHT  CARMINE,  BLOOMS  IN  LARGE  CLUSTERS. 

£LISE  FLEURY,  FINE  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

HENRY  THE  FIFTH,  VIVID  SCARLET,  VERY  GOOD. 

LA  FRAICHEUR,  ROSY-WHITE,  CENTRE  YELLOWISH. 

MADAME  DESPREZ,  WHITE,  CENTRE  LEMON. 

MARJOLIN  DE  LUXEMBOURG,  DARK  CRIMSON,  SUPERB,  VERY  LARGE  AND 

FULL. 

MlELLEZ,  LEMON-WHITE,  GOOD. 
PRINCE  CHARLES,  BRIGHT  CHERRY,  VERY  DOUBLE. 
TANCREDE,  FINE  ROSY-PURPLE,  DISTINCT,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
VlRIDIFLORA,  GREEN,  CURIOUS. 


TEA-SCEXTED   ROSES. 

ABRICOTEE,  FAWN,  APRICOT  CENTRE,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 

ADAM,  BLUSH-ROSE,  VERY  SWEET,  VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

ALBA  ROSA,  WHITE,  CENTRE  ROSE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  VERY  SWEET. 

AMABILIS,  FLESH-COLOR,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

ARCHIMEDE,  ROSY-FAWN,  DARKER  CENTRE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

AUGUSTE  OGER,  ROSE,  CENTRE  COPPER. 

AUGUSTS  VACHER,  YELLOW,  SHADED  WITH  COPPER-COLOR,  LARGE  AND 

FULL. 

BELLE  CHARTRONNAISE,  RED,  CHANGING  TO  CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
BELLE  DE  BORDEAUX,  PINK,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  HABIT  AND  GROWTH  OF 

GLOIRE  DE  DIJON. 

BRIDE  OF  ABYDOS,  WHITE,  SHADED  WITH  PINK,  LARGE. 
BURET,  BRIGHT  ROSY-PURPLE,  DISTINCT,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
CAROLINE,  BLUSH-PINK,  CENTRE  DELICATE  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
CLARA  SYLVAIN,  PURK  WHITE,  CENTRE  CREAM,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
CLIMBING  DEVONIENSIS,   IDENTICAL  WITH   THE  OLD   DEVOSIENSIS   IN 

FLOWER,  BUT  OF  A  RAPID  RUNNING  GROWTH,  AND  HENCE  VALUABLE 

AS  A  CLIMBER. 
COMTE   DE  PARIS,  FLESH  COLORED  ROSE,  SUPERB,  VERY  LARGE  AND 

FULL. 

COMTESSE  DE  BROSSARD,  BRIGHT  YELLOW,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
COMTESSE  DE  LABARTHE,  SALMON-PINK. 

COMTESSE  OUVAROFP,  ROSE-SHADED,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 


LIST   OP   ROSES.  205 

DAVID  PRADEL,  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

DELPHINE  GAUDOT,  WHITE,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 

Due  DE  MAGENTA,  SALMON,  VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

ELISE  SAUVAGE,  YELLOW,   CENTRE  ORANGE,   BEAUTIFUL,  LARGE  AND 

FULL. 

ENFANT  DE  LYON,  PALE  YELLOW,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
EUGENE  DESGACHES,  CLEAR  ROSE,  BEAUTIFUL,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  VERY 

SWEET. 

GENERAL  TARTAS,  DARK  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

GERARD  DESBOIS,  BRIGHT  RED,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  VERY  SHOWY. 

GLOIRE  DE  BORDEAUX,  SILVERY-ROSE,  THE  BACK  OF  THE  PETALS  ROSY, 
VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

GOUBAULT,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  CENTRE  BUFF,  VERY  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 

GRANDIFLORA,  SHADED  ROSE,  VERY  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 

HOMER,  ROSE,  CENTRE  SALMON,  VARIABLE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD. 

JAUNE  o'OR,  FINE  GOLDEN-YELLOW,  OF  MEDIUM  SIZE,  FULL,  FORM  GLOB- 
ULAR. 

JAUNE  OF  SMITH  (YELLOW  NOISETTE),  STRAW-COLOR,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

JULIE  MANSAIS,  PURE  WHITE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

LA  BODLE  D'OR,  DEEP  GOLDEN- YELLOW,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

LAIS,  PALE  YELLOW,  FULL,  OF  FINE  FORM,  BLOOMS  FREELY. 

L'ENFANT  TROUVE,  FINE,  LARGE,  PALE  YELLOW. 

LE  PACTOLE,  PALE  YELLOW. 

LOUISE  DE  SAVOIE,  FINE  YELLOW,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MADAME  BLACHET,  PALE  ROSE,  MEDIUM  AND  DOUBLE. 

MADAME  BRAVY,  CREAMY-WHITE,  LARGE  /J*D  FULL,  PERFECT  SHAPE. 

MADAME  CHARLES,  SULPHUR-YELLOW,  SALMON  CENTRE,  LARGE,  FULL, 
AND  OF  GOOD  FORM,  FREE  BLOOMER. 

MADAME  DE  SERTOT,  CREAM,  GOOD. 

MADAME  DE  ST.  JOSEPH,  SALMON-PINK,  BEAUTIFUL,  VERY  LARGE  AND 
DOUBLE,  VERY  SWEET. 

MADAME  DE  TARTAS,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FREE  BLOOMER. 

MADAME  DB  VATRY,  DEEP  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MADAME  FALCOT,  YELLOW,  IN  THE  WAY  OF  SAFRANO,  BUT  OF  A  DEEPER 
SHADE,  AND  MORE  DOUBLE. 

MADAME  HALPHIN,  SALMON-PINK,  CENTRE  YELLOWISH,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 


206  LIST   OF  EOSES. 

MADAME  LARTAY,  YELLOW,  SHADED  WITH  SALMON,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
MADAME  VILLEKMOZ,  WHITE,  CENTRE  SALMON,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD. 
MADEMOISELIE  ADELE  JOUGANT,  CLEAR  YELLOW,  MEDIUM  SIZE. 
MADAME  MAURIN,  WHITE,  SHADED  WITH  SALMON,.  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
MADAME  PAULINE  LABONTE,  SALMON,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
MARECHAL-  BUGEAUD,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
MARECHAL  NIEL,  BEAUTIFUL  DEEP  YELLOW,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GLOB- 
ULAR FORM,  VERY  SWEET,  THE   SHOOTS  WELL  CLOTHED  WITH  LARGE 

SHINING  LEAVES. 
MARQUISE  DE  FOUCAULT,.  WHITE,  FAWN,  AND  YELLOW,  VARIABLE,  LARGE 

AND  DOUBLE,  ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 

MlRABILE,  PALE  YELLOW,.  EDGES  DARK  ROSE,  PRETTY,  DISTINCT. 
NARCISSE,  FINE  PALE  YELLOW,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
NINA,  BLUSH  ROSE,  FINE,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 
NlSIDA,  ROSE  AND  YELLOW  SHADED,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 
ODORATA,  BLUSH,  CENTRE  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
PRESIDENT,.  ROSE,  SHADES  WITH  SALMON,  VERY  LARGE,  AND  OF  GOOD 

FORM.  t 

PRINCESS  ADELAIDE,  YELLOW,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
PRINCESSE  MARIE,  ROSY-PINK,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FORM  GLOBULAR. 
REGULUS,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  SHADED  WITH  COPPER,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
REINE  DCS  PAYS  BAS,  PALE  SULPHUR,  FREE  BLOOMER. 
BUBENS,  WHITE,  SHADED  WITH  ROSE,  YELLOWISH  CENTRE,  LARGE,  FULL, 

AND  FINE  FORM. 

SOCRATES,  DEEP  ROSE,  CENTRE  APRICOT,  LARGE,  FULL. 
SOMBREUIL,.  WHITE,  TINGED  WITH  ROSE,  VERY  LARGE  AND- FULL. 
SOUVENIR  DE  DAVID,  BRIGHT  CHERRY-COLOR,  DISTINCT  AND  GOOD. 
SOUVENIR  D'£LISE  VARDON,  CREAMY-WHITE,  CENTRE  YELLOWISH,  VERY 

LARGE  AND  FULL;  A  SPLENDID  ROSE. 
SOUVENIR  DE  MADEMOISELLE  EUGENIE  FERNET,  WHITE,  TINGED  WITH 

FLESH-COLOR,  AND  SHADED  WITH.  ROSE-SALMON,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND 

OF  GOOD,  HARDY  HABIT. 
TRIOMPHE  DE  GUILLOT  FILS,  WHITE,  SHADED  WITH  ROSE  AND  SALMON, 

VERY  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  SWEET  ;  ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 
TRIOMPHE  DU  LUXEMBOURG,  COPPERY-ROSE,  SUPERB,  VERY  LARGE  AND 

FULL. 


LIST   OF   ROSES.  207 

VlCOMTESSE  DE  GAZES,  YELLOW,  CENTRE  DEEPER  YELLOW,  TINTED  WITH 

COPPER-COLOR,  LARGE  AND  VERY  DOUBLE. 
VICTORIA,  YELLOW,  CHANGING  TO  WHITE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

NOISETTE  ROSES. 

ADELE  PAVIE,  WHITE,  ROSE  CENTRE. 

AlMEE  VlBERT  SCANDENS,  PURE  WHITE,  LARGE  CLUSTERS. 

BARONNE  DE  MAYNARD,  FRENCH  WHITE,  BEAUTIFULLY  CUPPED. 

BLANCHE  DE  SOLVILLE,  CREAMY- WHITE,  TINGED  PINK,  STRONG  GROWER. 

CELINE  FORESTIER,  PALE  YELLOW,  FREE  BLOOMEK,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

CERISE,  ROSY-PURPLE,  VERY  GOOD. 

CLAUDIE  AUGUSTIN,  WHITE,  WITH  YELLOWISH  CENTRE. 

CORNELIA  KOCH,  PALE  YELLOW,  VERY  FULL  AND  FINE  FORM. 

DESPREZ  A  FLEUR  JAUNE,  RED,  BUFF,  AND  SULPHUR,  VARIABLE,  VERY 

SWEET,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

Du  LUXEMBOURG,  LILAC-ROSE,  CENTRE  DEEP  RED,  LARGE. 
ECLAIR  DE  JUPITER,  BRIGHT  CRIMSON-SCARLET,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 
EUPHROSINE,  CREAMY-BUFF,  VERY  SWEET  AND  GOOD. 
FELLENBERG,  ROSY-CRIMSON,  VERY  FREE  BLOOMER. 
JANE  HAHDY,  GOLDEN-YELLOW,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
JACQUES  ORMYOTT,  DEEP  ROSE,  FINE. 
LA  BlCHK,  FLESH-WHITE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
LADY  EMILY  PEEL,  SHADED  FRENCH  WHITE. 
LAIS,  FRENCH  WHITE,  LARGE  AND.  GOOO. 

MADAME  DESLONGCHAMPS,  CREAMY-WHITE,  DEEPER  CENTRE,  BEAUTIFUL. 
MADAME  GUSTAVE  BONNET,  WHITE,  TINGED  WITH  SALMON,  FIRST  CLASS. 
MADAME  SCHULTZ,  PRIMROSE,  SHADED  WITH  CARMINE,  VERY  SWEET. 
MADEMOISELLE  ARISTIDE,  PALE  YELLOW,  CENTRE   SALMON,  LARGE  AND 

FULL. 

NARCISSE,  FINE  PALE  YELLOW. 

OCTAVIE,  CRIMSON,  LARGE,  STRONG  GROWER. 

OPHIRIE,  NANJKLEEN  AND  COPPER,.  DISTINCT,  FULL. 

PHALOE,  ROSY-BUFF,  VERY  GOOD. 

PUMILA  ALP-A,  WHITE,  SMALL  AND  DOUBLE. 

TRIOMPHE  DE  LA  DUCHERE,  ROSY-BLUSH,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

TRIOMPHE  DE  KENNES,  CANARY,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  FINE. 

VlCOMTESSE  D'AVESNE,  LIGHT  SALMON-ROSE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  DISTINCT. 


LIST   OF   EOSES. 


BOURBON  ROSES. 

APPOLINE,  LIGHT  PINK,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

AURORE  DU    GUIDE,   PURPLISH-VIOLET,   SOMETIMES   CRIMSON-SCARLET, 

LARGE  AND  FULL. 

BARON'NE  DE  NQIRMONT,  PALE,  SHADED  ROSE,  COMPACT  AND  GOOD. 
BOUQUET  DE  FLORE,  BRIGHT  ROSY-CARMINE. 

CATHERINE  GUILLOT,  BRIGHT  ROSY-PINK,  COMPACT,  AND  FIRST-RATE. 
CELINE  GONOD. 

CHARLES  ROBIN,  FLESH-COLOR,  SMALL,  FULL,  AND  PRODUCED  ABUN- 
DANTLY. 

COMICE  DE  TARNE  ET  GARONNE,  CHERRY-COLOR. 
COMTE  DE  MONTIJO,  RICH  REDDISH-PURPLE,  VELVETY,  FINE  SHAPE. 
COMTESSE  DE  BABBANTANNES,  FLESH-COLOR,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  FINE 

FORM. 

DOCTEUR  BERTHET,  BRILLIANT  CHERRY-RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD. 

DOCTEUR  LEPRESTE,  BRIGHT  PURPLISH-RED,  SHADED. 

Due  DE  CRILLON,  BRILLIANT  RED,  CHANGING  TO  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE 

AND  FULL. 

EDITH  DE  MURAT,  FLESH-COLOR,  CHANGING  TO  WHITE,  OF  FINE  FORM. 

EMOTION,  DELICATE  SHADED  BLUSH,  COMPACT  AND  GOOD. 

EMPRESS  EUGENIE,  PAL'S  ROSE,  PURPLE  EDGES,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  GOOD. 

FERDINAND  DIEPPE,  REDDISH-VIOLET,  BRIGHT  AND  GOOD. 

GEORGE  CUVIER,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  FINE  FORM,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

GLOIRE  DE  ROSOMENES,  BRIGHT  CRIMSON,  SEMI-DOUBLE,  BUT  EFFECTIVE. 

GLORIETTA,  DEEP  RED,  OR  CRIMSON. 

GOURDAULT,  RICH  PURPLE,  FIXE  FORM,  FULL. 

JOSEPHINE  CLERMONT,  PINK,  FULL. 

JULIE  DE  FONTENELLE,  CRIMSON-PURPLE,  FINE  FOR3I,  FULL. 

JUSTINE,  ROSY-CARMINE,  GOOD,  VERY  DOUBLE. 

L' A VENIR,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD  FORM. 

LA  QUINTINIE,  BRIGHT  CRIMSON,  SHADED,  OR  CHANGING  TO  BLACKISH- 
VIOLET,  FULL. 

LE  FLORIFERE,  ROSE,  WITH  A  LILAC  AND  CRIMSON  TINT,  LARGE  AND 
FULL. 

LEON  OURSEL,  LIGHT  RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD. 

LOUISE  JIARGOTTIN,  BEAUTIFUL  BRIGHT  ROSY-PINK,  CUPPED  AND  GOOD. 


LIST   OF   ROSES.  209 


MADAME  ANGELINA,  KICK  CREAM,  FAWN  CENTRE,  MEDIUM  SIZE,  DIS- 
TINCT. 

MADAME  COUSIN,  FLESH-COLORED  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MADAME  DE  STELLA,  DELICATE  PINK,  VERY  DOUBLE,  FINE  SHAPE,  FIRST 
CLASS. 

MADAME  DESPREZ,  LILAC-ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MADAME  £LISE  DE  CHENIER,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  BLOOMS  FREELY. 

MADAME  HELFENBEIN,  PALE  ROSE,  VERY  GOOD. 

MADAME  JOSEPHINE  GUYET,  DEEP  RED. 

MADAME  LA  COMTESSE,  BRIGHT  PINK,  FINE  SHAPE. 

MADAME  MANGEL,  LIGHT-SHADED  PINK,  VERY  LARGE. 

MADAME  MARECHAL,  FLESH,  WHITE  EDGES,  DISTINCT  AND  GOOD. 

MADAME  NERARD,  SILVERY-BLUSH,  CENTRE  PINK. 

MADEMOISELLE  C.  KIGUET,  PURE  WHITE,  VERY  ABUNDANT  BLOOMER. 

MADEMOISELLE  FELICITE  TRUILLOT,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  ABUNDANT  BLOOMER. 

MARGUERITE  BONNET,  FLESHY-WHITE,  LARGE  AND  GOOD. 

MARQUIS  BALBIANO,  ROSE,  TINGED  WITH  SILVER,  PULL,  FINE  FORM,  DIS- 
TINCT. 

MARQUIS  D'IVRY,  LILAC-ROSE,  FORMS  A  LARGE  AND  SHOWY  HEAD. 

MARQUIS  DE  MOYRA,  ROSE,  SHADED  WITH  VERMILION,  FINE  FORM,  LARGE. 

MARQUIS  DE  MURAT,  PINK,  PALE  EDGES. 

MENOUX,  BRIGHT  RED,  APPROACHING  TO  SCARLET,  FULL. 

MICHEL  BONNET,  BRIGHT  ROSY-PINK,  FINE. 

MODELE  DE  PERFECTION,  DELICATE  PINK,  COMPACT,  AND  MOST  BEAU- 
TIFUL. 

MONSIEUR  JARD,  CHERRY-RED,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

OCTAVIE  FONTAINE,  WHITE,  TINTED  WITH  FLESH-COLOR,  GOOD  SHAPE. 

OMAR  PACHA,  BRILLIANT  RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD  FORM. 

PHENIX,  PURPLISH-RED,  LARGE  AND  FINE. 

PIERRE  DE  ST.  CYR,  PINK,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

PRINCE  DE   CHIMAY,  PURPLISH-CRIMSON,   LARGE   AND  FINE,   FLOWERS 

FREELY. 

QUEEN,  BUFF-ROSE,  FREE  BLOOMER,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 
REINE  DE  CASTILLE,  LIGHT  ROSE,  GOOD. 
RHV.  II.  DOMBRAIN,  BRILLIANT  CARMINE,  FINE  SHAPE. 
KEVEIL,  CHERRY,  RICHLY  SHADED  WITH  VIOLET. 
SOUCHET,  DEEP  CRIMSON-PURPLE,  VIVID,  SUPERB. 
14 


210  LIST   OF   ROSES. 

SOUVENIR  DE  Louis  GAUDIN,  REDDISH-PURPLE,  SHADED  WITH  BLACK, 

FIHE  FORM,  FULL,  ABUNDANT  BLOOMER. 
VlCOMTE  DE  CUSSY,  LIVELY  RED,  LARGE,  AND  VERY  DOUBLE. 
VICTOR  EMANUEL,  PURPLE  AND  PURPLISH-MAROON,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE, 

GOOD  AND  DISTINCT. 

HYBRID  PERPETUAL   ROSES. 

Amu;  REYNAUD,  CLEAR  DARK  VIOLET,  LARGE.  FULL,  DISTINCT,  AND  FINE  ; 

GOOD  HABIT. 

ABD-EL-KADER,  DEEP  VELVETY-CRIMSON,  GOOD, 
ADMIRAL  NELSON,  CRIMSON,  COLOR  BEAUTIFUL. 
ADOLPHE  NOBLET,  ROSY-CARMINE,  VERY  BEAUTIFUL. 
AGATOIDE,  LIVELY  ROSE,  SHADED  WITH  DEEP  ROSE,  FULL. 
ALCIDE  VIGNERON,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
ALEXANDRE  DUMAS,  VELVETY-MAROON,  HIGHLY  SCENTED. 
ALEXANDBE  FONTAINE,  REDDISH-CERISE,  FINE  FORM. 
ALEXANDRINE  BACHMETEFF,  BRIGHT  RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  SHOWY. 
ALEXANDRINE  BELFROY,  PEACH-COLOR,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
ALFRED  DE  ROUGEMONT,  CRIMSON-PURPLE,  SHADED  WITH  FIERY  RED, 

VERY  BRIGHT,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
ALPAIDE  DE  ROTALIER,  FINE  TRANSPARENT  ROSE-COLOR,  GLOSSY,  LARGE, 

FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD  FORM. 
ALPHONSE  BELIN,  CLEAR  BRILLIANT  RED,  THE  REVERSE  OF  THE  PETALS 

WHITISH,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  FINE  FORM. 

ALPHONSE   DAMAIZIN,   BRILLIANT-SHADED  CRIMSON,   GOOD  FORM  AND 

HABIT. 

ALPHONSE  DE  LAMARTINE,  LIGHT  ROSY-PINK. 
ALPHONSE  KARR,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  FULL. 
AMIRAL  GRAVINA,  BLACKISH-PURPLE,  CHANGING  TO  AMARANTH,  LARGE 

AND  FULL. 

AMIRAL  LA  PEYROUSE,  BRILLIANT  CRIMSON,  SOMETIMES  DARK  CRIMSON, 

SHADED  WITH  VIOLET,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  VERY  FINE. 

ANDR£  LEROY,  PURPLISH-CRIMSON,  FINE  COLOR,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
ANNA  ALEXIEFF,  PRETTY  ROSE-COLOR,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD  HABIT; 

FLOWERS  FREELY. 
ANNA  DE  DIESBACH,  CLEAR  ROSE,  FINE  COLOR,  VERY  LARGE  AND  SHOWY. 


LIST   OF   ROSES.  211 

ARCHEVEQUE  DE  PARIS,  SHADED  VELVETY-MAROON. 

AKLES  DUFOUR,  DEEP  PURPLE,  WITH  VIOLET  CENTRE,  LARGE,  AND  DEEP 
IMBRICATED  FORM,  BEAUTIFUL  NEW  ROSE. 

ARMIDE,  ROSY-SALMON,  DISTINCT,  IMBRICATED,  AND  FULL  FORM. 

AUGUSTE  GUINOISSEAU,  SHADED  DARK  CRIMSON,  VERY  LARGE. 

AURORE,  SALMON-ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  DISTINCT. 

BARLOW,  BRIGHT  ROSY-CRIMSON. 

BARON  ADOLPHE  DE  ROTHSCHILD,  FIERY  RED,  PETALS  OFTEN  EDGED 
WITH  WHITE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  VERY  EFFECTIVE. 

BARON  GONELLA,  PINK  AND  LILAC  SHADED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  FINE. 

BARONNE  DAUMESNIL,  BEAUTIFUL  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF 
GOOD  FORM. 

BARONNE  DE  HECKEREN,  ROSY-PINK,  VERY  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 

BARONNE  HALLEZ,  DARK  RED,  FULL,  AND  OF  FINE  FORM. 

BARONNE  NOIRMONT,  DEEP  ROSE,  LARGE,  AND  OF  GOOD  FORM. 

BARONNE  PELLETAN  DE  KINKELIN,  CRIMSON  AND  PURPLE  SHADED,  COL- 
ORS BRILLIANT,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  FINE  FORM. 

BEAUT&  FRANC AISE,  VELVETY  VIOLET-RED,  REVERSE  OF  PETALS  FIERY 

RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  WELL  FORMED. 
BELLE  ANGLAISE,  BEAUTIFUL  BRIGHT  PINK,  FINE  SHAPE. 
BELLE  DE  BOURG  LA  REINE,  SATIN-ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FINE  FORM. 
BELLE  DBS  MASSIFS,  BEAUTIFUL  ROSY-PINK. 
BELLE  DU  PRINTEMPS,  BEAUTIFUL  PALE,  MOTTLED  ROSE. 
BERCEAU  IMPERIAL,  FLESH-COLOR,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
BERNARD  PALISSY,  BRIGHT  CARMINE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  VERY  FINE; 

GOOD  HABIT. 

BUFFON,  LIGHT  ROSY-CRIMSON. 
BURKE,  ROSY-LILAC,  OR  VIOLET,  FULL. 

CATHERINE  GUILLOT,  DEEP  PINK,  PERFECT  FORM  ;  ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 
CENTIFOLIA  ROSEA,  BRIGHT  PINK,  LARGE,  OF  BEAUTIFUL  CUPPED  FORM. 
CHRISTIAN  PUTTNER,  PURPLE,  SHADED  WITH  CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
CLAUDE  MILLION,  SCARLET-CRIMSON,  DASHED  WITH  ROSE  AND  VIOLET, 

VELVETY,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  EXCELLENT  FORM,,  HABIT  GOOD. 
CLEMENT  MAROT,  CLEAR  ROSY-LILAC,  L'ARGE  AND  VERY  DOUBLE. 
CLEOSTINE,  LARGE  ROSE,  LARGE,  FINE  GLOBULAR  FORM. 
COLONEL  DE  ROUGEMONT,  PALE  ROSE,  SHADED  WITH  CARMINE,  VERY 

LARGE  AND  FULL. 


212  LIST   OF   ROSES. 

COLONEL  SOUFFLOT,  BEAUTIFUL  ROSY-PINK. 

COMTE  CAVOUB,  PALE-SHADED  ROSE,  FINE. 

COMTE  DE  NANTEUIL,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  DARKER  EDGES,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

COMTESSE  BARBANTANNE,  FLESH-COLOR,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  FINE  FORM, 

FREE  AND  GOOD. 
COMTESSE  DE  COURCT,  ROSE,  SHADED  WITH  BRILLIANT  RED,  FLOWERS 

VERT  FREELY. 

COMTESSE  DE  KERGORLAY,  BRIGHT  GLOSSY  PURPLE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
COMTESSE  DE  SEGUIER,  VELVETY-RED,  SHADED  WITH  VIOLET,  LARGE 

AND  FULL. 

DARZENS,  SALMON-ROSE,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE,  VERY  SWEET. 

DEUIL  DE  PRINCE  ALBERT,  BLACKISH-CRIMSON,  SHADED,  CENTRE  FIERY 

BED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD. 

DOMINIQUE  DARAN,  DARK  CRIMSON-PURPLE,  LARGE  AND  VERY  DOUBLE. 
DR.  JUILLARD,  ROSY-PURPLE,  SHADED  WITH  CARMINE,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 
DR.  SPITZER,  BRIGHT  RED,  LARGE,  FINE  GLOBULAR  FORM. 
DUC  D'ANJOU,  CRIMSON,  SHADED  WITH  DARK  RED,  VERY  LARGE,  FULL, 

AND  WELL  FORMED. 
Due  DE  BASSANO,  DARK  VELVETY-CRIMSON,  CUPPED,  LARGE  AND  FULL; 

ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 

Due  D'HARCOURT,  BRIGHT  REDDISH-CARMINE,  BLOOMING  FREELY  AND  IN 

CLUSTERS,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
DUC  DE  EUSCHPLER,  DEEP  ROSE,  FULL. 
DUC  D'OSSUNA,  RICH  CRIMSON. 
DUCHESSE    DE    MAGENTA,    FLESH,    CHANGING  TO    WHITE,    DISTINCT   AND 

BEAUTIFUL. 

DUCHESSE  D'ORLEANS,  FINE  LAVENDER-BLUSH,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD. 

DUCHESS  OF  NORFOLK,  RICH  PURPLE-CRIMSON,  MEDIUM,  DOUBLE. 

DUCHESS  OF  SUTHERLAND,  PALE  ROSE,  LARGE,  AND  VERY  DOUBLE. 

DUKE  OF  CAMBRIDGE,  CHERRY-RED,  FINE  FORM. 

ECLAIR  DE  JUPITER,  ROSY-CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  SHOWY. 

EMILE  DULAC,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  DEEPLY  CUPPED;  THE 
BEST  OF  THE  COLOR. 

EMOTION,  WHITE,  TINTED  WITH  ROSE,  OF  MEDIUM  SIZE,  FULL,  FORM  PER- 
FECT, FLOWERS  ABUNDANTLY. 

EUGENE  APPERT,  SCARLET  AND  CRIMSON  SHADED,  SPLENDID  COLORS, 
FINE  FOLIAGE,  FREE  BLOOMER. 


LIST   OP   ROSES.  213 

EUGENE  BOURCIER,  PURPLE-REDDISH,  VELVETY,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

EUGENE  VERDIER,  RICH  DARK  VIOLET,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  PERFECT 
FORM;  ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 

EUGENIE  LEBRUN,  DARK  CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

EVEQUE  DE  NlSMES,  SCARLET  AND  CRIMSON,  FULL,  FLAT  FORM. 

FERNANDO,  FIERY  RED,  TINTED  WITH  WHITE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  VERY 
SWEET. 

FRANCOIS  LACHARME,  BRIGHT  CARMINE,  CHANGING  TO  RED,  FULL  AND 
GLOBULAR;  A  SUPERB  ROSE. 

FRANCOIS  LOUVAT,  LILAC-RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  GLOBULAB,  GOOD,  AND  DIS- 
TINCT. 

FRANCOIS  PREMIER,  CHERRY-RED,  SHADED,  FINE  FORM. 

GABRIEL  DE  PEYRONNEY,  FIERY  RED,  SHADED  WITH  VIOLET  TOWARDS 
THE  CENTRE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  FINE  FORM. 

GENERAL  CASTELLANE,  BRIGHT  CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

GENERAL  SIMPSON,  BRIGHT  CARMINE,  FULL  AND  FREE. 

GEORGE  PAUL,  BRIGHT  RED,  VELVETY,  BLOOMING  IN  CLUSTERS,  LARGE 

AND  FULL. 

GEORGE  PRINCE,  FINE  BRILLIANT  RED,  SHADED  WITH  DARK.  ROSE,  RE- 
VERSE OF  PETALS  WHITISH,  LARGE,  FULL,  FORM  GLOBULAR. 

GLOIRE  DE  CHATILLON,  BRILLIANT  RED,  SHADED  WITH  VIOLET,  LARGE 

AND  FULL. 

GLOIRE  DE  VITRY,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

GLOIRE  DU  SACRE  CCEUR,  FLESH-COLORED  ROSE,  TIPPED  WITH  BRIGHT 

RED,  AND  SHADED  WITH  PURPLE;  GOOD  HABIT. 
GUSTAVE  CORAUX,  BRIGHT  PURPLE,  FREE  IN  AUTUMN. 
GUSTAVE  ROUSSEAU,  PURPLE,  SHADED  WITH  VIOLET-RED,  LARGE,  AND 

FULL. 

HENRI  IV.,  SHADED  VERMILION,  VERY  GOOD. 

HEROINE  VAUCLUSE,  CLEAR  ROSE,  BEAUTIFUL  FORM,  FREE  BLOOMER. 
H.  LAURENTIUS,  FINE  REDDISH-CRIMSON,  SHADED  WITH  BLACK,  VELVETY, 

LARGE,  AND  FULL;  FORM  CUPPED. 

HORTENSE  BLACHETTE,  WHITE,  WITH  ROSY  CENTRE,  MEDIUM  SIZE,  FULL. 
iMPERATRICE  EUGENIE,  WHITE,  TINTED  WITH  ROSE,  FULL  AND  GOOD. 
IMPERATRICE  MARIA  ALEXANDRINA,  WHITE,  TINGED  WITH  BLUSH,  GOOD 

FORM,  MEDIUM  SIZE,  FULL. 
JAMES  DICKSON,  VELVETY-LAKE,  SEMI-DOUBLE. 


214  LIST   OF   ROSES. 

JEAN-BAPTISTE  GUILLOT,  VELVETY-CARMINE. 

JEAN  BART,  RED  AND  VIOLET  SHADED,  BRILLIANT,  VERY  EFFECTIVE. 
JEAN  GOUJON,  BEAUTIFUL  CLEAR  RED,  VERY  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD. 
JEAN   TOUVAIS,  BEAUTIFUL  REDDISH-PURPLE,  SHADED   WITH  CRIMSON, 

VERY  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  EXCELLENT  FORM;  BLOOMS  FREELY. 
JOHN  HOPPER,  ROSE,  CRIMSON  CENTRE,  REVERSE  OF  THE  PETALS  PCR- 

PLISH-LILAC,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

JOHN  STANDISH,  VERY  DARK  CRIMSON,  FINE  GLOBULAR  FORM. 
JOSEPH. FIALA,  BRIGHT  DARK-RED,  WITH  WHITISH  EDGING,  LARGE  AND 

FULL,  FORM  CUPPED. 
KATE  HAUSBURG,  FINE  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  EXCELLENT 

SHAPE  AND  SUBSTANCE. 
L'ABBfc  LAURY,  BRIGHT  RED. 

L'AVENIR,  GLOSSY  PINK,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD  FORM. 
LA  BRILLANTE,  TRANSPARENT  CARMINE,  VERY  BRIGHT  AND  BEAUTIFUL, 

LARGE,  AND  OF  FINE  FORM. 
LA  DUCHESSE  DE  MORNY,  BRIGHT  BUT  DELICATE  ROSE-COLOK,  THE  EE- 

VERSE  OF  THE  PETALS  SILVERY,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FORM  GLOBULAR. 
L'fifiLOUISSANTE,  BRILLIANT  RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD  HABIT. 
L'ficLATANTE,  BRIGHT  RED,  CHANGING  TO  VIOLET-RED,  LARGE,  FULL, 

AND  OF  GOOD  FORM. 

L'fiLEGANTE,  BLUSH-WHITE,  FULL,  FREE,  FLAT  FORM. 
LJSLIA,  SHADED  ROSE,  VERY  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  VERY  FINE. 
LA  ESMERALDA,  BRIGHT  CHERRY-COLOR,  I  ARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD 

FORM. 

LAFONTAINE,  PURPLISH-ROSE,  VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

LA  PHOCEENNE,  BLACKISH  CRIMSON,  FINE  SHELL-SHAPED,  CUPPED  FORM. 

LA  PlVOINE,  SHADED  ROSY-CARMINE,  PECULIAR  FOLIAGE. 

LA  REINE  DE  LA  PAPE,  FINE  ROSY-PINK,  LARGE  AND  BEAUTIFUL. 

LA  TOUR  DE  COURCY,  ROSY-PINK,  VERY  GOOD. 

LAURENT    DESCOURT,   DEEP    PURPLISH-CRIMSON,   RICH    AND   VELVETY, 

LARGE  AND  FULL. 

LA  VILLE  DE  ST.  DENIS,  ROSY-CARMINE,  FIXE  FORM,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
LE  BARON  DE  ROTHSCHILD,  DARK  REDDISH-CARMINE,  SOMETIMES  SHADED 

WITH  VIOLET,  VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
LE  GEANT,  CLEAR  BRIGHT  ROSE,  TINTED  WITH  VIOLET,  VERY  LARGE 

AND  FULL,  BLOOMS  FREELY;  THE  LARGEST  ROSE  YET  INTRODUCED. 


LIST  OF  ROSES.  ,215 

LE  MONT  D'OR,  PALE  ROSE,  CUPPED  AND  DOUBLE. 

LEOPOLD  HAUSBURG,  BRIGHT  CARMINE,  SHADED  WITH  PURPLE,  LARGE 

AND  DOUBLE,  OF  FINE  FORM. 
LEOPOLD  PREMIER,  BRIGHT  DARK-RED,  VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FINE 

FORM. 

LEON  DES  COMBATS,  REDDISH-VIOLET,  OFTEN  SHADED  WITH  SCARLET, 
LARGE  AND  FULL. 

LORD  CLYDE,  CRIMSON  AND  PURPLE,  DEEPLY  SHADED,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

LORD  HERBERT,  ROSY-CARMINE,  THE  PETALS  REFLEXING  AT  THE  SUM- 
MITS; LARGE,  FULL,  FINELY  FORMED. 

LORD  PALMERSTON,  CHEREY-RED,  FULL,  FINE  FORM;  FLOWEES  FREELY. 

Louis  VAN  HOUTTE,  BRIGHT  ROSY-CARMINE,  VERY  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF 
FINE,  GLOBULAR  FORM. 

LOUIS  XIV.,  RICH  BLOOD-COLOR,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FORM  GLOBULAR; 
A  DISTINCT  AND  BEAUTIFUL  VARIETY. 

LOUISE  DAMAIZIN,  WUITE,  WITH  PEACH  CENTRE,  GOOD  SIZE  AND  FORM. 

LOUISE  DARZENS,  PURE  WHITE,  NOT  LARGE,  BUT  FULL,  AND  OF  FINE 
FORM;  ONE  OF  THE  BEST  FOR  MASSING. 

LOUISE  D'AUTRICHE,  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

LOUISE  GULINO,  VELVETY-MAROON,  FINE. 

LOUISE  ODIER,  FINE  BRIGHT  ROSE,  FULL,  VERY  FREE  BLOOMER. 

MADAME  ALFRED  DE  ROUGEMONT,  PURE  WHITE,  LIGHTLY  AND  DELI- 
CATELY SHADED  WITH  ROSE  AND  CARMINE,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  SHAPE 

OF  THE  CABBAGE  ROSE;  ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 

MADAME  VAN  GEERT,  ROSY-PINK,  STRIPED  WHITE,  VERY  BEAUTIFUL. 

MADAME  BOUTIN,  CHERRY-CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MADAME  BRIANSON,  REDDISH-CARMINE,  SHADED  WITH  LIGHT  RED,  VERY 
LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MADAME  BRUNI,  DELICATE  PEACH,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MADAME  CAILLAT,  BRIGHT  CERISE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD  HABIT. 

MADAME  C.  CRAPELET,  ROSY-RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  VERY  FINE. 

MADAME  CELINE  TOUVAIS,  SHADED  CARMINE. 

MADAME  CHARLES  ROY,  SHADED  ROSY-CRIMSON,  GOOD  SHAPE. 

MADAME  CHARLES  WOOD,  VINOUS-CRIMSON,  VERY  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  EF- 
FECTIVE. 

MADAME  CRESPIN,  ROSE,  SHADED  WITH  DARK  VIOLET,  MEDIUM  SIZK, 
FULL,  FORM  GOOD. 


216  LIST   OF   ROSES. 

MADAME    DF.    CAMBACEBES,  BOSY-CARMINE,    LARGE   AND    FULL,  FINE 

FORM. 
MADAME  DE  CANROBKRT,  WHITE,  SLIGHTLY  TINGED  WITH  PEACH,  LARGE 

AND  FULL,  NICELY  CUPPED. 
MADAME  DERREUX  DOUVILLE,  DELICATE  GLOSSY  ROSE,  BORDERED  WITH 

WHITE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  FINE  FORM;  GOOD  HABIT. 
MADAME  DE  STELLA,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  FINE  FORM. 
MADAME  DOMAGE,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  VERY  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 
MADAME  DUCHERE,  ROSY-WHITE,  DELICATE  TINT,  FULL. 
MADAME  EMAIN,  FINE  PURPLISH-RED,  GLOBULAR,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
MADAME  ERNEST  DREOL,  DARK  ROSE,  SHAJJED  WITH  LILAC,  LARGE,  FULL, 

AND  OF  GOOD  FORM,  FOLIAGE  FINE. 
MADAME    EUGENE  VERDIER,  DEEP  PINK,  LARGE,  FULL,   AND   FINELY 

CUPPED. 
MADAME  FREEMAN,  CREAMY-WHITE,  MEDIUM  SIZE,  GLOBULAR  AND  FULL, 

THOROUGHLY  PERPETUAL. 
MADAME  HECTOR  JACQUIN,  CLEAR  ROSE,  SHADED  WITH  LILAC,  LARGE 

AXD  FULL. 

MADAME  HELYE,  CARMINE,  SHADED-LILAC,  MEDIUM,  DISTINCT. 
MADAME  JULIE  DARAN,  PURPLISH-VERMILION,  GLOSSY,  VERY  LARGE  AND 

FULL;  ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 

MADAME  LAFFAY,  ROSY-CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 
MADAME  LOUISE  CARIQUE,  PINE  ROSE  AND  CARMINE,  FULL. 
MADAME  MASSON,  REDDISH-CRIMSON,  CHANGING  TO  VIOLET,  VELVETY, 

LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MADAME  MELAINE,  SHADED  VERMILION. 

MADAME    PAULINE    VILLOT,    CRIMSON-PURPLE,    FINE    FORM;    BLOOMS 

FREELY. 

MADAME  PHELIP,  SILVERY-ROSE,  BEAUTIFULLY  SHADED  WITH  CRIMSON, 

SMALL  AND  PRETTY. 

MADAME  PIERSON,  BRIGHT  RED,  SILVERY  EDGES,  LARGE  AND  GLOBU- 
LAR. 

MADAME  PLACE,  BEAUTIFUL  LIGHT  ROSE,  SMALL,  BUT  PRETTY  FORM. 

MADAME  SCHMIDT,  SHADED  ROSY-PINK,  LARGE  AND  BEAUTIFUL. 

MADAME  SOUPPERT,  BEAUTIFUL  PALE  FLESH-COLOR,  FINE  FORM. 

MADAME  STANDISH,  CLEAR  PALE  PINK,  DELICATE  COLOR,  LARGE  AND 
FULL. 


LIST   OF   EOSES.  217 

MADAME  SYLVAIN  CAUBERT,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  DELICATELY  EDGED  WITH 

WHITE;  VERY  DISTINCT. 

MADAME  THERESE  LEVET,  PALE  PINK,  GLOBULAR  AND  GOOD. 
MADAME  VALEMBOURG,  BRIGHT  PCRPLISH-RED,  SHADED,  LARGE,  FULL, 

AND  OF  GOOD  FORM. 
MADAME  VICTOR  VERDIER,  RICH  BRIGHT  ROSY-CHERRY  COLOR,  LARGE, 

FULL,  AND  FINE  FORMED,  CUPPED ;  BLOOMS  IN  CLUSTERS. 
MADAME  VIGNEUON,  PALE  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  VERY  SWEET  AND 

GOOD. 

MADEMOISELLE  ALICE   LEROY,    DELICATE  ROSE,   SHADED,  FINE   FORM, 

FULL. 

MADEMOISELLE  BETSY   HAINMAN,  BRILLIANT  CERISE;   A  MOST  EFFEC- 
TIVE CLIMBER. 
MADEMOISELLE  BONNAIRE,  WHITE,  ROSY-CENTRE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF 

EXQUISITE  FORM;  ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 

MADEMOISELLE  EMAIN,  WHITE,  ROSY  CENTRE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD  FORM. 
MADEMOISELLE  GABRIELLE  DE  PEYRONNEY,  BRIGHT  RED,  WITH  SHADED 

CENTRE,  LARGE,  FULL. 

MADEMOISELLE  GODDARD,  ROSY-PINK,  LIGHT  MARGIN,  GOOD. 
THERESE  APPERT,   PEACH-COLOK,   LARGE    AND   FULL,  CUPPED,   GOOD 

SHAPE,  FREE  BLOOMER. 
MARECIIAL  CANROBERT,  FINE  BRIGHT  ROSE,  SOMETIMES  SHADED  WITH 

PURPLE,  VERY  LARGE,  HABIT  GOOD. 
MARECHAL  FOREY,  VELVETY-CRIMSON,   REVERSE    OF   PETALS   VIOLET, 

LARGE  AND  FULL. 
MARECHAL    SOUCHET,   BEAUTIFUL     REDDISH-CRIMSON,    SHADED    WITH 

DARK  MAROON,  VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL,  PETALS  ALSO  LARGE,  HABIT 

GOOD;   ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 
MARECHAL  SOUCHET  (DAMAIZIN),  FINE   ROSY-CARMINE,  LARGE,   FULL, 

AND  OF  EXQUISITE  FORM. 

MARECHAL  VAILLANT,  PURPLISH-RED,  VERY  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD 

FORM. 

MARGUERITE    APPERT,    LAVENDER-BLUSH,    LARGE    AND     FULL,    FORM 

CUPPED,  PRETTY  AND  DISTINCT. 

MARIE  PORTEMER,  PURPLISH-RED,  FULL,  AND  FINE  FORM. 
MATHURIN  REGNIER,  BEAUTIFUL  PALE  ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
MAXIME,  VIOLET-ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 


218  LIST   OP   EOSES. 

MEXICO,  VELVETY  REDDISH-PURPLE,  SHADED  WITH  BLACKISH-VIOLET, 
LARGE  AND  FULL,  BLOOMS  FREELY,  HABIT  GOOD. 

MODELE  DE  PERFECTION,  LIVELY  PINK,  VERY  PRETTY,  BLOOMS  FREELY  ; 
ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 

MONSIEUR  DE  MONTIGNY,  ROSY-CARMINE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

MONSIEUR  JOIGNEAUX,  SHADED  MAROON,  STRONG  GROWER. 

MONSIEUR  MOREAU,  SHADED  CRIMSON. 

MONTE  CHRISTO,  BLACKISH-PURPLE,  OFTEN  DASHED  WITH  SCARLET, 
VERY  RICH  COLOR,  LARGE  AND  GOOD  IN  FORM. 

MRS.  CHARLES  WOOD,  BRIGHT  RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  SUPERB  FORM. 

MRS.  ELLIOT,  PURPLE,  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 

MURILLO,  RICH  PURPLISH-KED,  SHADED  WITH  CARMINE  AND  VIOLET, 
LARGE,  DOUBLE,,  AND  OF  GOOD  FORM. 

NOEMI,  BLUSH,  PINK  CENTRE,  FULL. 

NOTRE  DAME  DE  FOURVIERES,  PALE  SATIN-ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

ODERIC  VITAL,  SILVERY-ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  GOOD  FORM. 

OLIVIER  DELHOMME,.  BRILLIANT  PURPLISH-BED,  LARGE,  AND  PERFECT 
SHAPE,  FOLIAGE  HANDSOME. 

PANACHEE  D'ORLEANS,  FLESH,  STRIPED  WITH-  ROSE  AND  PURPLE,  DIS- 
TINCT. 

PARMENTIER,  ROSY-PINK,  BLOOMS  FREELY,  VERY  BRILLIANT. 

PAUL  DE  LA  MEILLERAY,  FINE  PURPLISH-CERISE,  VERY  LARGE,  FULL,  AND 
OF  EXCELLENT  FORM.. 

PAUL  DESGRAND,.  FIN.E  BKIGHT-RED,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FORM  GLOBULAR. 

P-AUL  DUPtTY,  VELVETY-CRIMSON,.  SHADED,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

PAUL  FEVAL,  CHERRY-COLOR,.  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FORM  CUPPED. 

PAULINE  LANSKZEUR,  BRIGHT  CRIMSON,  CHANGING  TO  VIOLET,  FULL. 

P"AITHNE  VlLLOT,  SHADED  ROSY-CARMINE,.  COMPACT  AND  GOOD. 

PAVILLON  DE  PREGNY,  WHITE  AND  RED,  MEDIUM  SIZE,  FULL,  MOST 
ABUNDANT  BLOOMER. 

PETER  LAWSON,  BRILLIANT  RED,  SHADED  WITH  CARMINE,  LARGE  AND 
DOUBLE. 

PIERRE  NOTTING,  BLACKISH-RED,  SHADED  WITH  VIOLET,  VERY  LARGE 
AND  FULL,  FORM  GLOBULAR,  HABIT  GOOD;  ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 

PRAIRIE  DE  TERRE  NOIRE,  VELVETY-PURPLE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

PRINCE  HENRI  DBS  PAYS  BAS,  BRIGHT  CRIMSON,  SHADED  WITH  VEL- 
VETY-PURPLE, OF  MEDIUM  SIZE,  FULL,  FINE. 


LIST   OF   ROSES.  219 

PRINCE  IMPERIAL,  ROSY-CARMINE,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

PRINCE  LEON,  FINE  BRIGHT  CRIMSON,  LARGE,  AND  VERY  DOUBLE. 

PRINCE  NOIR,  VERY  DARK  MAROON,  GOOD  CLIMBER. 

PRINCESS  ALICE,  BRIGHT  ROSE,  THE  REVERSE  OP  THE  PETALS  WHITISH, 

LARGE.  FULL,  AND  SWEET;  A  DISTINCT  AND  DESIRABLE  VARIETY. 
PRINCESSE  IMPEBIALE  CLOTILDE,  GLOSSY- WHITE,, PINK  CENTRE. 
PRINCESSE  MATHILDE,  CRIMSON,  MAROON,  AND  PURPLE  SHADED,  COLORS 

EXQUISITE,  MEDIUM  SIZE,  DOUBLE,  FORM  EXPANDED;.  A  GOOD  HARDY 

VARIETY. 

PROFESSOR  KOCH,  BRIGHT  ROSY-CERISE,  SHADED  WITH  CARMINE,  BEAU- 
TIFULLY CUPPED;  ONE  OF  THE  BEST. 

QUEEN,  ROSE,  VERY  LARGE  AND  BEAUTIFUL.. 

RED  ROVER,  FIERY  RED,  GROWTH  MORE  THAN  USUALLY  VIGOROUS, 
FLOWERING  UP  TO  CHRISTMAS.  NOT  DOUBLE  ENOUGH  FOR  A  SHOW 
ROSE,  BUT  THE  FINEST  AND  MOST  EFFECTIVE  OF  PILLAR  ROSKS. 

RHINE  DE  CASTILLE,  WHITISH-ROSE,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  OF  GOOD  HABIT, 
AND  BLOOMS  FREELY. 

REINE  DE  LA  CITE,  BLUSH,  PINK  CENTRE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  OF  GOOD 
HABIT. 

REYNOLDS  HOLE,  LIVELY  PINK,.  INCREASING  IN  BRILLIANCY  AS  THE 
FLOWERS  ADVANCE  IN  AGE,  LARGE,  NOT  VERY  FULL. 

RICHARD  SMITH,  VELVETY-MAROON,  VERY  DARK. 

ROBERT  FORTUNE,  BRIGHT  RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD. 

SENATEUR  REVEIL,  BRILLIANT  REDDISH-CRIMSON,  SHADED  WITH  DARK 
PURPLE,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FORM  FINE,  BLOOMS  FREELY,  HABIT 

GOOD. 

SIMON  OPPENHEIM,  MAROON,  SHADED  VERMILION,  VERY  FINE. 
SOUVENIR  DE  BERANGER,  LIGHT  ROSE,  VERY  LARGE  AND  DOUBLE. 
SOUVENIR  DE   CHARLES   MONTAULT,  BRILLIANT   RED,  CUPPED,   LARGE 

AND  FULL,  FREE  BLOOMER. 
SOUVENIR  DE  COMTE  CAVOUR,  CRIMSON  AND  BLACK  SHADED,  OF  GOOD 

SIZE  AND  FORM. 
SOUVENIR    DE    LADY    EARDLEY,  REDDISH-SCARLET,   RICHLY   SHADED, 

LARGE,  VERY  LIGHT,  AND  EFFECTIVE. 
SOUVENIR  DE  LEVESON  GOWER,  FINE  DARK  RED,  CHANGING  TO  RUBY, 


220  LIST   OF   ROSES. 

SOUVENIR  DE  M.  ROUSSEAU,  SCARLET,  CHANGING  TO  CRIMSON,  SHADED 
-WITH  MAROON,  VERT  RICH  AND  VELVETY,  LARGE  AND  VERY  DOUBLE. 

TOUJOURS  FLEURI,  VIOLET-PURPLE,  FULL  AND  GOOD. 

TRIOMPHE  D'ALENCON,  BRIGHT  RED,  VERY  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  FINE. 

TRIOMPHE  D'AMIENS,  VIVID  CRIMSON,  SOMETIMES  STIUPED  WITH  LAKE, 
LARGE  A-ND  DOUBLE. 

TRIOMPHE  D' ANGERS,  CRIMSON-SCARLET,  LARGE,  FULL,  FREE. 

TRIOMPHE  DE  BAGATELLE,  BRIGHT  CHERRY-CARMINE,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND 
FBEE. 

TRIOMPHE  DE  CAEN,  DEEP  -VELVETY-PURPLE,  SHADED  WITH  SCARLET- 
CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 

TRIOMPHE  DE  LYON,  SHADED  MAROON,  BEAUTIFUL. 

TRIOMPHE  DE  VILLECRESNES,  CLEAR  RED,  MORE  BRILLIANT  AT  THE 
CENTRE,  LARGE  AND  FULL,  BLOOMS  FREELY. 

TURENNE,  BRILLIANT  RED,  LARGE,  HANDSOME  PETALS,  VERY  EFFECTIVE. 

VAINQUEUR  DE  GOLIATH,  BRILLIANT  -CRIMSON-SCARLET,  VERY  LARGE  AND 
DOUBLE. 

VAINQUEUR  DE  SOLFERINO,  DARK  RED,  BRIGHTER  CENTRE,  LARGE,  FULL, 
BLOOMS  ABUNDANTLY. 

VASE  D'fiLECTION,  BRIGHT  ROSE. 

VELOUTEE    D'ORLEANS,   BRILLIANT    VELVETY-RED,    ALMOST    SCARLET, 

LARGE  AND  FULL. 

VlCOMTE  VlGIEU,  BRIGHT  VIOLET-RED,  LARGE,  FULL,  AND  GOOD. 
VICOMTESSE   BELLEVAL,   BEAUTIFUL    BLUSH,   LARGE  AND   FULL,  FIXE 

FORM,  BLOOMS  FREELY,  HABIT  GOOD. 

VICOMTESSE  DE  MONTESQUIEU,  DOUBLE  WHITE,  USEFUL  AS  A  BEDDER. 
VICOMTESSE  DOUGLAS,  BEAUTIFUL  ROSE,  THE  REVERSE  OF  THE  PETALS 

WHITISH,  VERY  LARGE  AND  FULL,  FORM  CUPPED. 
VICTOR  TROUILLARD,  BRILLIANT  CRIMSON  AND  PURPLE  SHADED,  LARGE 

AND  FULL. 

VULCAN,  BRIGHT  PURPLISH-VIOLET,  SHADED   WITH   BLACK,  GOOD  AND 

DISTINCT. 
WILHELM  PFITZEK,  BRILLIANT  RED,  COLOR  OFTEN  SUPERB,  LARGE  AND 

FULL. 
WILLIAM  JESSE,  CRIMSON,  TINGED  WITH  LILAC,  SUPERB,  VERY  LARGE 

AND  DOUBLE. 


LIST   OF   ROSES.  221 

WILLIAM  PAUL,  BRILLIANT  REDDISH-CRIMSON,  LARGE  AND  FULL;  A  FREE, 
HARDY,  LATE-BLOOMING  ROSE,  EXCELLENT  FOR  BEDDING. 


PERPETUAL    MOSS    ROSES. 

ALFRED  DE  DALMAS,  ROSE,  EDGES  ROSY-WHITE,  BLOOMING  IN  CLUSTERS, 

FULL. 

EUGENE  DE  SAVOIE,  BRIGHT  RED,  LARGE  AND  FULL. 
EUGENIE  GUINOISEAU,  BRIGHT  CHERRY,  CHANGING  TO  VIOLET,  LARGE, 

FULL,  AND  WELL  MOSSED. 
HORTENSE  VERNET,  WHITE,  TINGED  WITH  LIGHT  ROSE,  FINE,  LARGE, 

AND  FULL. 

JAMES    VEITCH,   DEEP   VIOLET,  SHADED   WITH    CRIMSON,  LARGE    AND 

DOUBLE. 

MADAME  LA  KIVIERE,  ROSY-PINK,  DISTINCT  AND  GOOD. 
POMPONE,  MOTTLED  ROSE,  ABUNDANT  BLOOMER. 
RAPHAEL,  FLESH-COLOR,  FLOWERING  IN  CORYMBS,  LARGE,  FULL. 


NEW  ROSES  OF  1866. 


The  following  are  the  most  promising  of  the  latest  new  roses.  The  de- 
scriptions are  those  of  the  raisers ;  and  as  the  varieties  have  not  yet  bloomed 
in  this  country,  and  very  few  of  them  in  England,  it  is  impossible  to  speak  of 
them  definitely.  Most  of  them  are  results  of  the  skill  and  perseverance  of 
French  cultivators. 

The  letters  immediately  succeeding  the  name  refer  to  the  class,  —  H.  P.,  Hybrid 
Perpetual;  B.,  Bourbon;  T.,  Tea-scented. 

ABBE  BERLEZE,  H.  P. ;,  flowers  varying  from  bright-reddish  cerise  to  rosy- 
carmine,  large,  full,  and  of  fine  form;  growth  vigorous. 

ACHILLE  GOXOD,  H.  P. ;  flowers  bright-reddish  carmine ;  a  seedling  from 
Jules  Margottin ;  very  large  and  full  ;  extra  fine  foliage,  dark  green ; 
growth  vigorous. 

ADRIENNE  DE  CARDOVILLE,  B. ;  flowers  delicate  rose,  of  medium  size  : 
full,  perfect  form. 

AUGUSTE  RIVIERE,  H.  P. ;  flowers  beautiful  bright-reddish  carmine,  the 
reverse  of  the  petals  of  a  paler  hue,  distinctly  edged  with  white;  large, 
and  of  regular  globular  form ;  growth  vigorous. 

BAPTISTE  DESPORTES,  H.  P.;  flowers  bright  scarlet,  very  abundant,  of 
medium  size,  full ;  growth  vigorous. 

BARONNE  DE  MAYtfARD,  B.;  flowers  beautiful  pure  white,  of  medium 
size,  fine  form;  growth  vigorous. 

BEAUTY  OF  WESTERHAM,  H.  P.  (Cattell);  flowers  brilliant  scarlet;  fo- 
liage bright  green ;  habit  free  and  vigorous  :  fragrance  powerful. 

BELLE  NORMAXDE.  H.  P. ;  flowers  pale  rose,  shaded  with  silvery  white  ; 
very  large  and  full ;  form  globular  ;  growth  vigorous ;  of  the  race  of  La 
Heine. 

BELLE  ROSE,  H.  P. ;  flowers  bright  rose,  very  large,  full,  and  of  fine  globu- 
lar form;  very  sweet ;  habit  good;  growth  vigorous. 

CAPITAINE  ROGNAT,  H.  P. ;  flowers  brilliant  red ;  cupped,  large  and  full  ? 
growth  vigorous. 

CHARLES  MARGOTTIN,  H.  P.;  flowers  brilliant  carmine,  their  centre  fiery 
red,  very  large,  full,  and  sweet ;  form  fine  :  outer  petals  large  and  round  ; 
growtli  vigorous  ;  of  the  race  of  Jules  Margottin. 

CHARLES  WOOD,  H.  P. ;  flowers  deep  red,  shaded  with  blackish-crimson ; 
very  large,  full,  and  of  fine  form  ;  growth  vigorous. 


NEW   ROSES   OF    1866.  223 


CLIMBING  DEVONIENSIS,  T. ;  identical  with  the  old  Devoniensis  in  flower, 

but  of  a  rapid  running  growth,  and  hence  valuable  as  a  climber. 
COMTESSE  DE  PARIS,  H.  P. ;  beautiful,  distinct  lively  rose,  with  lighter 

edges ;  flowers  very  large  and  double ;  habit  vigorous  ;  a  very  beautiful 

variety. 
DENIS  HELTE,  H.  P.;  flowers  brilliant  rosy-carmine;  lovely  color;  very 

large  and  full ;  very  effective  ;  growth  vigorous. 
DR.  ANDRY,  H.  P.;  flowers  dark  bright-red ;  very  large,  full,  and  perfectly 

imbricated;  growth  vigorous. 
DUCHESSE  DE  CAYLUS,  H.  P. ;  flowers  brilliant  carmine  ;  large,  full,  and 

of  perfect  form  ;  growth  vigorous  ;  foliage  very  rich  and  fine. 
DUCHESSE  DE  MEDINA  C<ELI,  H.  P. ;  flowers  dark  blood-purple ;  large, 

full,  good,  and  distinct ;  growth  vigorous. 
DUKE  OF  WELLINGTON,  H.  P.;  flowers  bright  velvety-red,  shaded  with 

blackish-maroon  ;  their  centre  fiery  red  ;  large  and  full ;  growth  vigorous. 
ELIZABETH  VIGNERON,  H.  P. ;  flowers  fine  rosy-pink,  very  large  and  full ; 

in  the  style  of  Laslia,  but  fuller,  fresher,  and  brighter  in  color;  constitution 

hardy ;  growth  vigorous. 
GENERAL  D'HAUTPOULT,  H.  P.;  flowers  brilliant  reddish-scarlet;  the 

centre  petals  sometimes  striped  with  white;  large,  full,  and  of  globular 

form. 
GLORY  OF  WALTHAM,  H.  P.  (Paul);  flowers  rich  crimson,  very  large  and 

full ;  a  seedling  from  Leveson  Gower ;  larger,  brighter,  darker,  and  of 

better  form,  than  the  parent ;  a  superb  rose,  of  hardy,  vigorous  growth. 
JEAN  EOSENKRANTZ,  H.  P. ;  flowers  brilliant  coral-red  ;  large,  full,  and 

of  perfect  form ;  growth  vigorous. 
JOHN  KEYNES,  H.  P. ;  flowers  bright  reddish-scarlet,  shaded  with  maroon  ; 

large  and  full ;  growth  vigorous. 
KING'S  ACRE,  H.  P.  (Cranston) ;  flowers  bright  vermilion-rose;  reverse  of 

petals  satiny  ;  large,  and  of  fine  cupped  form  ;  foliage,  rich  dark-green ; 

growth  vigorous. 
MADAME  VERSCHAFFELT,  H.  P.;  flowers  beautiful  delicate  rose;  large, 

full,  and  of  fine  form;  growth  vigorous  ;  shoots  almost  thornless. 
MADAME  ANDRE  LEROY,  H.  P.;  flowers  salmon-rose;   large,  very  dou- 
ble, form  fine;  growth  vigorous. 
MADAME  CHARLES,  T. ;  flowers  sulphur  or  yellow,  their  centre  salmon; 

large,  full,  of  good  form,  and  very  abundant ;   growth  vigorous  ;   of  the 

race  of  Madame  Damaizin. 
MADAME  CHARLES  VERDIER,  II.  P.;   flowers  fine  vermeil-rose;  very 

large,  full,  and  of  fine  form;  growth  vigorous. 
MADAME  ELISE  VILMORIX,  II.  P.;  flowers  dark  vermilion,  shaded  with 

blackish-crimson;  large,  full,  of  good  form,  and  very  abundant;  growth 

vigorous. 
MADAME  EMILE  BOYAU,  H.  P. ;  flowers  soft,  rosy  flesh-color,  changing 

to  blush ;  sufficiently  large,  perfect  in  form,  moderate  in  growth,  hard; 

in  constitution;  good  and  distinct. 


224  NEW   ROSES   OF   1866. 


MADAME  GUSTAVE  BONNET,  B.;  flowers  white,  shaded  with  rose  and 
carmine;  of  medium  size,  full,  very  abundant,  form  globular;  growth  vig- 
orous. 

MADAME  HERMAN  STENGER,  H.  P.;  flowers  rose,  suffused  with  lilac; 
their  centre  shaded  with  sulphur;  large  and  full ;  the  outer  petals  large, 
form  cupped ;  growth  vigorous. 

MADAME  MOREAU,  H.  P.;  flowers  brilliant  red,  shaded  with  violet;  very 
large,  full ;  outer  petals  large ;  very  sweet ;  growth  vigorous. 

MADAME  ROUSSET,  H.  P. ;  flowers  beautiful  pale  rose;  the  reverse  of  the 
petals  silvery,  large,  full,  finely  cupped,  and  good  habit;  growth  vigorous. 

MADEMOISELLE  AMELIE  HALPHEN,  H.  P.;  flowers  fine  rosy-carmine; 
large,  full,  of  fine  form,  bright  and  beautiful;  habit  good;  growth  vig- 
orous. 

MADEMOISELLE  LOIDE  DE  FALLOUX,  H.P.;  white,  suffused  or  veined 
with  rose;  flowers  large,  double,  and  of  good  form;  habit  vigorous. 

MARECHAL  NIEL,  T.;  flowers  beautiful  deep-yellow;  large,  full,  and  of 
globular  form,  very  sweet;  growth  vigorous;  the  shoots  well  clothed  with 
large  shining  leaves. 

MARGUERITE  BONNET,  B.;  flowers  white,  shaded  with  flesh-color ;  large, 
full,  and  of  fine  form;  growth  vigorous;  of  the  race  of  Louise  Odier. 

MARGUERITE  DE  ST.  AMAND,  H.  P.;  flowers  rosy  flesh-color;  large, 
full,  of  fine  form,  and  abundant ;  habit  fine ;  growth  vigorous ;  of  the  race 
of  Jules  Margottin. 

MARIE  BOISSEE,  H.  P. ;  blush-white  in  opening,  passing  to  pure  white  when 
expanded;  flowers  double  and  cup-shaped;  habit  vigorous;  very  free- 
flowering. 

MICHEL  BONNET,  B.;  flowers  beautiful  bright  rose;  large  and  full; 
growth  vigorous. 

MONSIEUR  DE  PONTBRIANT,  H.  P.;  flowers  dark  blackish-crimson, 
shaded  with  carmine  ;  very  large,  full,  of  good  form  ;  growth  vigorous. 

MONSIEUR  EDOUARD  ORY,  H.  P.;  flowers  beautiful  vermilion  ;  large, 
full,  and  of  globular  form  ;  fine  habit ;  growth  vigorous. 

PRINCE  DE  JOINVILLE,  H.  P.;  flowers  light  crimson;  a  fine,  large, 
showy  rose,  of  vigorous  and  hardy  habit. 

PRINCE  EUGENE  BEAUHARNAIS,  H.  P.;  flowers  brilliant  reddish-scar- 
let, shaded  with  purple;  large  and  full;  form  cupped ;  growth  vigorous. 

PRINCE  NAPOLEON,  H.  P.;  flowers  bright  rose;  very  large  and  very 
double ;  growth  vigorous ;  very  effective. 

PRINCESS  LICHTENSTEIN,  H.  P.;  flowers  white,  globular,  large  and  full; 
a  good  hardy,  white  rose,  of  compact  growth,  flowering  abundantly. 

ROSA  MUNDI,  H.  P.;  pure  rose,  flowers  large,  double,  globular,  and  well- 
shaped;  habit  vigorous. 

RUSHTON  RADCLYFFE,  H.  P. ;  flowers  beautiful  clear  bright  red ;  largo, 
full,  and  of  perfect  form ;  growth  vigorous. 

SEMIRAMIS,  H.  P. ;  flowers  clear  pink ;  large,  full,  and  of  fine  globular  form ; 
growth  vigorous. 


NEW   ROSES   OF    1866.  225 


SOUVENIR  DE  BERXARDIX  DE  ST.  PIERRE,  H.  P.;    flowers  varying 

from  crimson  to  violet;  their  centre  fiery  red;  large,  full,  and  of  fine  form; 

habit  good;  growth  vigorous. 
SOUVEXIR  DE  LOUIS  GAUDIX,  B.;   flowers  fine  reddish-purple,  shaded 

with  black ;  of  medium  size,  full ;  very  abundant ;  form  fine. 
SOUVEXIR  DE  WILLIAM  WOOD,  H.  P.;    flowers  dark  blackish-purple, 

shaded  with  scarlet ;  darker  than  Prince  Camille  de  Rohan ;  large,  full, 

and  very  effective  ;  growtli  vigorous. 
TRIOMPHE  DE  LA  TERRE  DES  ROSES,  H.  P.;  flowers  fine  violet-rose; 

very  large  and  full ;  very  sweet ;  blooms  freely. 
TRIOMPHE  DES  FRAXCAIS,  H.  P.;    flowers  brilliant  crimson;    large; 

very  double ;  growth  vigorous ;  fine  habit ;  very  free  and  effective. 
WILLIAM  BULL,  H.  P.;  flowers  brilliant  cherry-red;  large,  full,  and  of  fine 

globular  form ;  growth  vigorous. 
XA VIER  OLIBO,  H.  P. ;  flowers  velvety-black,  shaded  with  fiery  amaranth ; 

colors  exceedingly  rich ;  large;  well  formed;  growth  vigorous. 


THE     END 


Print«d  by  Goo.  C.  R»nd  < 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


OCT  8     1961 
jJBEl  cot  im- 

MAY  2  &  1970 


»      JAN  2  4  1377 

^TERLIBRARY  LOANS 

DEC  1  4  id/6 

iBUEIHRPE' KEEKS  FROM  DAlJ  OF  RECEIPT 


11     MAR  3 1  19f5 


1  6  1375 

Form  L9  -100m-9,'52(A3105)444 


WAN26t977 


RECDUMWB 

A 


3  1158  00042  7368 


